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EN
The paper focuses on the issue of the modifiable areal unit problem, which means a possibility of obtaining various results for spatial economic analyses depending on the assumed composition of territorial units. The major research objective of the work is to examine the scale problem that constitutes one of the aspects of the modifiable areal unit problem. Analysis of the scale problem will be conducted for two research problems, namely, for the problem of the causal relationships between the level of investment outlays in enterprises per capita and the number of entities of the national economy per capita, and the issue of the dependence between the registered unemployment rate and the level of investment outlays per capita. The calculations based on the empirical values of those variables have showed that moving to a higher level of aggregation resulted in a change in the estimates of the parameters. The results obtained were the justification for undertaking the realisation of the objective. The scale problem was considered by means of a simulation analysis with a special emphasis laid on differentiating the variables expressed in absolute quantities and ones expressed in relative quantities. The study conducted allowed the identification of changes in basic properties as well as in correlation of the researched variables expressed in absolute and relative quantities. Based on the findings, it was stated that a correlation analysis and a regression analysis may lead to different conclusions depending on the assumed level of aggregation. The realisation of the research objective set in the paper also showed the need to consider the adequate character of variables in both spatial economic analyses and during the examination of the scale problem.
EN
The paper focuses on the issue of the aggregation problem, which is frequently discussed within spatial econometrics. The aggregation problem is one of the two aspects of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). The aggregation problem is connected with the volatility of the obtained results occurred when various compositions of territorial units for the same aggregation scale were applied. The objective of the present paper is to consider the redefinition of aggregation problem and showing positive solution of the aggregation problem based on the empirical example of determining agricultural macroregions. In the article the aggregation problem was defined as a problem of establishing a particular composition of territorial units at a selected aggregation scale in a such a way that is remains in the quasi composition of regions within the undertaken research problem. The paper also presented the procedure for determining agricultural macroregions where the analysis of the spatial volatility of the agrarian structure and the current knowledge on the agriculture in Poland were applied. In addition, the paper considered the final areal interpretation problem con-nected with the incorrect determination of the area in relation to which final conclusions are drawn. The problem was presented basing on the example of the establishment of the average concentration of the area of agricultural land in Poland with the use of the Gini index calculated for districts. The paper emphasised that ignoring the final areal interpretation problem in spatial analyses may lead to an apparent identification of the modifiable areal unit problem.
PL
Tematyka artykułu dotyczy zastosowania przestrzennego taksonomicznego miernika rozwoju (pTMR) w analizie rynku pracy w Polsce. Zastosowanie tego miernika wiąże się z faktem, że większość zjawisk ekonomicznych charakteryzuje się dodatnimi zależnościami przestrzennymi. Wymusza to uwzględnienie tych zależności w przestrzennych analizach ekonomicznych. W przypadku przestrzennego taksonomicznego miernika rozwoju zależności przestrzenne są uwzględniane w konstrukcji miernika poprzez wykorzystanie potencjalnej siły interakcji między regionami. Pozwala to na określenie za pomocą miernika tendencji w kształtowaniu się analizowanych zjawisk. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę sytuacji na rynku pracy dla 66 podregionów w Polsce (NUTS 3). Przeprowadzone badanie dało możliwość oceny sytuacji na rynku pracy oraz określenia tendencji w jego rozwoju.
EN
The content of the article refer to application of spatial taxonomic measure of development (sTMD) while analysing the labour market in Poland. The need for the use of a spatial taxonomic measure of development is related to the fact that most economic phenomena are characterized by positive spatial dependence. This necessitates the inclusion of this dependence in spatial economic analyses. The article analyses the labour market in 66 subregions (NUTS 3) in 2012. The study allowed us to assess the situation on the labour market and identify the trends in its development.
EN
The use of the potential of economic convergence is one of the key challenges of economic policy in the case of the European Union. Due to structural changes that have led to the growing role of knowledge- based economy (KBE), the analysis made in the paper is based on the assumption that the convergence process of the EU countries takes place in the reality of the KBE, thus in order to facilitate it, all the EU members should concentrate on building institutions that are adequate to the conditions of the KBE. In this context, the aim of the study is to verify the potential impact of the quality of institutional system of the EU countries on the convergence process. In this regard, the analytical framework of conditional β-convergence was used with econometric dynamic panel modeling. To measure the quality of institutional system the authors proposed an indicator, designed with TOPSIS method. For this purpose the data were obtained from the Fraser Institute database. Dynamic panel econometric analysis carried out for the European Union countries in the years 2004–2010 confirms that the high quality and adequacy of the institutional system to the conditions of the KBE supports convergence process in the EU.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony ewaluacji efektywności systemów instytucjonalnych krajów Unii Europejskiej w kontekście przemian gospodarczych prowadzących do powstania globalnej gospodarki wiedzy. Analiza teoretyczna odwołuje się do propozycji analitycznych nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ekonomii kosztów transakcyjnych. W badaniu empirycznym zostały postawione dwa podstawowe cele badawcze. Celem głównym analizy jest ewaluacja postępów Polski oraz pozostałych „nowych” członków Unii Europejskiej w kontekście reform instytucjonalnych, które prowadzą do obniżenia kosztów transakcyjnych oraz odpowiadają paradygmatowi nowej globalnej gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Drugim celem badania jest próba ewaluacji wpływu ostatniego światowego kryzysu gospodarczego z 2008 r. na procesy reform instytucjonalnych w „starej” Europie. Do realizacji tak zdefiniowanych zadań badawczych została przeprowadzona analiza TOPSIS efektywności instytucjonalnej krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2000–2010 na podstawie danych pochodzących z bazy Instytutu Frasera tworzonej na potrzeby badania wolności gospodarczej.
EN
The article is devoted to measuring the effectiveness of institutional systems of European Union countries in terms of their relevance to the requirements of the global knowledgebased economy. The theoretical analysis is based on the framework of new institutional economics with special consideration to economics of transaction costs. There are two main aims of the article. The main aim of the paper is to evaluate the progress obtained by Poland and the rest of so called New Member States of the European Union in the years 2000–2010 in the context of institutional reforms that can lead to decreasing of transaction costs and are up to requirements of global knowledge-based economy. The second aim of the paper is the evaluation of influence of the last crisis of the year 2008 on the institutional reforms in “old” Europe. The realisation of that aims was possible due to application of TOPSIS method for the analysis of institutional effectiveness of European Union members states in the years 2000–2010. The empirical research is based on the data from Fraser Institute database for Economic Freedom.
RU
Статья посвящена оценке эффективности институциональных систем стран Евросоюза в контексте экономических преобразований, ведущих к возникновению глобальной экономики знаний. Теоретический анализ обращается к аналитическим предложениям новой институциональной теории экономики с особым учетом экономики транзакционных издержек. В эмпирическом исследовании были поставлены две основные цели исследования. Главной целью анализа является оценка прогресса Польши и так называемых новых членов Евросоюза в контексте институциональных реформ, которые ведут к понижению транзакционных издержек, а также отвечают требованиям новой глобальной экономики, опирающейся на знания. Вторая цель исследования – это попытка оценки влияния последнего мирового экономического кризиса на процессы институциональных реформ стран Евросоюза в 2000–2010 гг. Она была проведена с использованием метода TOPSIS, опираясь на данные базы Института Фразера, создаваемой для нужд исследования экономической свободы.
PL
W artykule poruszony został problem efektywności systemów instytucjonalnych krajów Unii Europejskiej w odniesieniu do wykorzystania potencjału gospodarki opartej na wiedzy (GOW) oraz jej wpływ na jakość życia mieszkańców. Definiując pojęcie efektywności systemu instytucjonalnego odwołano się do struktury analitycznej nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej, w szczególności teorii kosztów transakcyjnych. Na tej podstawie przyjęto, iż efektywne rozwiązania instytucjonalne sprzyjają obniżce kosztów transakcyjnych. Do pomiaru efektywności instytucjonalnej zaproponowano autorski miernik syntetyczny, który został skonstruowany z wykorzystaniem zmodyfikowanej metody TOPSIS. Za zmienne diagnostyczne przyjęto zmienne dotyczące czterech aspektów charakteryzujących efektywność systemu instytucjonalnego w kontekście zdolności kraju do wykorzystania potencjału GOW. Kolejne aspekty odnosiły się do regulacji prawnych nastawionych na wspieranie przedsiębiorczości, kwestii instytucji prawa sprzyjających utrzymaniu niskiego poziomu kosztów transakcyjnych i poprawie efektywności mechanizmu rynkowego, kwestii konkurencyjności otoczenia i efektywności rynków pracy oraz jakości instytucji rynku finansowego. Dane pozyskane zostały z bazy instytutu Frasera utworzonej na potrzeby corocznego badania raportu Wolność Gospodarcza Świata. Do pomiaru jakości życia mieszkańców wykorzystany został miernik Human Development Index. Głównym celem artykułu była próba oceny zależności między poziomem efektywności instytucjonalnej w kontekście GOW a jakością życia mieszkańców dla krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2004-2010. W ekonometrycznej analizie zastosowano dynamiczny model panelowy dla 24 krajów Unii Europejskiej, który pozwolił na identyfikację dodatniego wpływu efektywności instytucji na jakość życia mieszkańców.
EN
The article concentrates on the problem of the efficiency of the institutional system of the European Union countries in relation to the potential of the global knowledge-based economy (KBE) and its impact on quality of life. In order to define the efficiency of the institutional system, the authors refereed to the analytical structure of the new institutional economics, in particular, the transaction costs theory. On this basis, it is assumed that effective institutional factors are conducive to the reduction of transaction costs. To measure the effectiveness of the institutional system authors proposed a synthetic indicator, which has been constructed with application of the modified TOPSIS method. As diagnostic variables the authors adopted the variables on four aspects characterizing the efficiency of the institutional system in the context of the country's ability to exploit the potential of KBE. The aspects were related to regulations aimed at promoting entrepreneurship, the issue of law institutions conducive to maintaining low level of transaction costs and improving the efficiency of the market mechanism, the issue of economy competitiveness and efficiency of labor markets and the quality of financial market institutions. The data were obtained from the database of Fraser Institute that is created for the purpose of the annual Economic Freedom of the World report. For the measurement of quality of life the Human Development Index was used. The main aim of this article was an attempt to assess the relationship between the level of institutional effectiveness in the context of KBE and quality of life for residents of the European Union countries in 2004-2010. In the econometric analysis the dynamic panel model was used for the 24 countries of the European Union, which has led to the identification of the positive impact of the efficiency of the institutions on the quality of life.
PL
W artykule dokonano identyfikacji czynników determinujących poziom obrotów handlowych pomiędzy krajami Unii Europejskiej. Zastosowano w tym celu model grawitacji dla danych panelowych. Badanie pozwoliło stwierdzić, że istotny wpływ na poziom wzajemnych obrotów handlowych pomiędzy krajami Unii Europejskiej mają: wielkości gospodarek krajów członkowskich, poziom rozwoju gospodarczego krajów, bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne, poziom tzw. wolności handlowej krajów oraz znaczne relatywne różnice w poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego pomiędzy partnerami handlowymi. Potwierdzono także istnienie ujemnej zależności między odległością geograficzną krajów a wielkością ich wzajemnej wymiany. Stwierdzono również, że po rozszerzeniu Unii Europejskiej o nowe kraje nastąpił istotny wzrost eksportu, zarówno z krajów EU-12 do krajów UE-15, jak i odwrotnie
EN
The article analyzes the impact of potential determinants on the level of trade volume between the member states of the European Union. As a result of the use of gravity model for panel data the identification of a significant impact of the size of the economies of the member states, their level of economic development, foreign direct investment, the level of the so-called trade freedom of countries and of significant differences in the level of economic development between trading partners on the level of their bilateral trade. Also, it confirmed the existence of a negative relationship between the geographical distance and the size of the countries and their mutual exchange and a significant increase in the level of exports, both from the EU-12 to EU-15, and vice versa.
EN
The key challenge for mid- and long-term policy in the European Union countries is to use the potentials of knowledge-based economy (KBE), which is a condition for maintaining high total factor productivity in Europe. For this reason, the relationship between the quality of an institutional system and total factor productivity in the EU countries has been examined. The quality of the institutional system is defined here from the perspective of incentives that influence the use of the potential of KBE. In order to determine the level of effectiveness of the institutional system in the analysed countries the method for linear ordering of objects was applied based on data from Fraser Institute. The main hypothesis of the article states that the quality of the institutional system in the context of KBE has a significant influence on the level of total factor productivity in the EU. In order to verify this hypothesis, the parameters of the Cobb-Douglas production function were estimated, which allowed the evaluation of TFP for the EU countries. The calculation made in the article based on Eurostat data. In order to identifying the relationship between the quality of the institutional system and the level of TFP a panel model was applied using data from a conducted for years 2000-2010.
EN
The purpose of the article was a space-time analysis of the unemployment rate in polish poviats. In the research we use a model in which spatial dependence is represented in the exponential form, based on the neighborhood matrix. This model, called the Matrix Exponential model, was proposed by J.P. LeSage and R.K. Pace in 2007. It is characterized by simplicity of estimation, which can compete with other known approaches. The presented analysis was a continuation of previous purely spatial studies (Müller-Frączek, Pietrzak 2011b). This article consists of three parts. Each of them provides an analysis of the unemployment rate registered in Poland at the end of the years 2004-2009. In the first part the unemployment rate was analyzed for each year separately. Almost linear changes of parameters of the space models, allowed us to build a space-time matrix exponential model MESS. It was described in the second part of the article. In the last part the results, obtained using the MESS model, were confronted with an approach based on spacetime autoregressive model.
EN
This article assumes the existence of a theoretical city, called Warsaw, divided into districts, where one analyze a situation of time needed to travel to downtown with the use of urban roads classified, due to their characteristics, as public goods. The authors pose the hypothesis that while studying traveling time using the public good in equilibrium there exists the external effect which results in the effect of smoothing the traveling time to the center between the neighboring districts. For confirmation of this hypothesis, the spatial model SAR that takes into account the spatial dependence is going to be used.
EN
J. P. LeSage and R. K. Pace have proposed Matrix Exponential Model (MESS) in 2007. A spatial autoregressive process, in the conventional specification, has been replaced by a matrix exponential transformation connected with a spatial weight matrix. This alternative has a computa- tional advantage. The article will present an analysis of the unemployment rate in Poland in 2007 by means of MESS. Spatial approach to modeling of this process will be justified by previous research of the spatial autocorrelation. A connection between the unemployment and other economic processes will be examined in order to construct a hypothetical model. Finally, MESS and regression model will be compared. The confrontation of the results will show that spatial dependence should be taken into consideration in the analysis of economic proc- esses.
PL
Ostatni kryzys finansowy doprowadził do znaczących akcji stymulacji fiskalnej w przypadku większości krajów wysoko rozwiniętych, co przełożyło się na istotny wzrost ich zadłużenia. Relatywnie wysoki poziom długu publicznego występuje w krajach strefy euro oraz szerzej w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Konieczność redukcji zadłużenia prawdopodobnie zmusi w przyszłości wiele krajów Unii do przyjęcia znacznie bardziej restrykcyjnej polityki fiskalnej w średnim i długim okresie. W tym kontekście przeprowadzone badanie ma na celu stwierdzenie czy w ostatnich dekadach występowały epizody niekeynesowskich dotowań fiskalnych w krajach strefy euro. Jeżeli odpowiedź na tak postawione pytanie jest pozytywna, należy stwierdzić, czy niekeynesowskie skutki polityki fiskalnej stanowiły znaczący czynnik rozwojowy. Kolejny problem badawczy postawiony w niniejszej pracy koncentruje się na sposobie przeprowadzenia konsolidacji fiskalnych oraz wpływie strategii konsolidacyjnych na krótkookresowe tempo wzrostu gospodarczego. W analizie zastosowano dynamiczny model panelowy do badania warunkowej β-konwergencji. Jako uzupełniającą metodę badawczą wykorzystano analizę jakościową znaczących konsolidacji fiskalnych, ze szczególną koncentracją na różnicach w sposobie przeprowadzenia zacieśnień przynoszących niekeynesowskie i keynesowskie skutki. Przeprowadzone badanie dostarcza argumenty na rzecz tezy o istnieniu kanałów transmisji fiskalnej, które mogą prowadzić do niekeynesowskich skutków polityki fiskalnej. W tym samym czasie mogą one stanowić istotny czynnik warunkowej β-konwergencji.
EN
Last global financial crisis has led to massive fiscal stimulation actions in most of developed countries which resulted in significant increase of their public debt. This can be also said about Eurozone or wider EU economies. This factors in near future will force many EU countries to adopt much stricter middle and long term fiscal policy that will be necessary for deleveraging process. In this context the aim of the research is to check whether can one find non-Keynesian effects of fiscal consolidations in Eurozone countries in last decade. If the answer is positive, then could these non-Keynesian effects be significant developing factor in case of Eurozone countries. The third scientific question concentrates on the ways the fiscal consolidations were implemented and the potential influence of consolidations strategies on short term growth. In the research the econometric dynamic panel model based on the concept of conditional β-convergence was applied. As a complementary method qualitative analysis of cases of significant contractions was made with the concentration on the differences between expansionary thus non-Keynesian cases and conventional Keynesian cases of fiscal contractions. The research results give some arguments for existence of fiscal transitions channels leading to non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy, which in the same time can be a factor of β-conditional convergence.
EN
The subject of this paper is to consider internal migration phenomena in Poland in the years 2008-2011 with application of the gravity model. The period of time covers world financial and economic crisis which hinders economic growth in Poland and impedes internal migration flows. In the investigation 16 Polish voivodships were considered. The values of migration flows (for a permanent residence), related to inter- and intraregional flows constitute a dependent variable. As explanatory variables GDP per capita and registered unemployment rate, for which separate gravity models were specified, including also geographical distance, were selected. Estimation results provide an evaluation of an intensity and direction influence of explanatory variables on migration phenomena. Voivodships about relatively good economic situation are the centres of population inflow (particularly from neighbouring regions) and their net migration is positive. Territorial mobility of population of poor regions is very low.
EN
This paper presents an analysis of expenditure on food of households in Poland in the years 1999–2010. Since their level and dynamics can be used as a measure of well-being of society this process was used to examine internal social convergence of regions, in this case the voivodships. The aim of this paper was to validate the hypothesis about the process for β-convergence in the share of household expenditure on food in total expenditures. The research has allowed the identification of long-term tendency of the level of expenditure on food in Polish households. Based on the analysis of conditional convergence, the article indicates household disposable income as a strong determinant of social convergence process in Poland. For the verification of hypotheses dynamic panel models were applied. The analysis was based on data from the CSO website. All calculations were performed in the Gretl.
EN
Statistic and econometric analyses of spatial phenomena use the data of different levels of spatial aggregation. It has particular consequences for the possibilities of discovering different properties and structures of the spatial processes. These properties are the basis for the proper specification of the spatial models of the dependence between the processes. In the paper it is discussed how the spatial aggregation affects the change of the properties and the structures of the spatial processes. In particular the differences as regards the character and the strength of the spatial aggregation influence on the separate components of the processes are shown. The main part of the paper is the discussion on the data aggregation influence on the model- ling of the dependence between the spatial processes. A special attention is paid to the econometric modelling of the phenomena observed at different levels of the data aggregation with the presence of the spatial autocorrelation. The important result of the discussion is to point at the problem of the “naive” spatial models interpretation. The considerations are based on the generated data and they are illustrated with an empirical example.
EN
The objective of the article was to re-define the bipolar metropolitan area within the area of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region (NUTS 2). Concentration of metropolitan features, as well as socio-economic situations of its communes (NUTS 5) in 2011, and also the dynamics of communes’ development in the period 2009-2011 were considered in the procedure of delimitation. Bydgoszcz and Toruń, as the economically strongest cities in the region, were established as the dual core of the bipolar metropolitan area. It was assumed that the determined metropolitan area would cover the best developed and the fastest developing communes which met the following criteria of a metropolitan area: neighbourhood, continuity, compactness, maximum distance and population. The development levels of the communes were determined with the use of syn-thetic measure. Its values were calculated considering the economic (e.g. the amount of income) and also social (e.g. unemployment) aspects of regional devel-opment, as well as features typical of metropolitan areas, such as: well-developed sectors of R&D, knowledge-based economy and serving superior services. In the research, linear arrangement methods classifying as taxonomic tools of multivari-ate data analysis was applied. The metropolitan area resulting from the research (BipOM) slightly differs from the Bydgoszcz-Toruń Metropolitan Area (B-TOM) which was formally ap-pointed in 2005 and composed all of the communes located within the area of the Bydgoski and Toruński districts (NUTS 4). Chełmża and Koronowo, as the less developed communes of the districts, were excluded from the new metropolitan area, while the communes of Ciechocinek, Nakło and Unisław, belonging to the neighbouring districts of the region, were included in the BipOM due to their significant level of regional development and its dynamics. Furthermore the Inowrocław district (bordered on the BipOM) was identified as the prospective candidate for the BipOM, due to the fact that its communes demonstrate a high potential for regional development.
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