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1

15 lat działalności Ośrodka Informacji PP PKZ

100%

Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1982

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issue 3-4

241-243

2

Zastosowanie cienkowarstwowej analizy chromatograficznej do identyfikacji spoiw malarskich

100%

Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1974

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issue 3

218-224

EN

In the above article reported are the results of investigations carried out in research laboratory of the state-owned Ateliers for Conservation of Cultural Property, Warsaw wiiith the purpose to adapt the thin- Layer partition chromatography to identification of binders used in paintings. These investigations, preliminary as to their character, were confined to problems connected chiefly with protein and to some extent also with polysaccharide binders. No investigations have been conducted of plant gums, gum resins or oil-based binders. All these problems will be included to the other part of the present work. As the analyses using partition chromatography are conducted more and more often, to make the phrenomena occurring during the process more easily understandable, dealt with briefly within the article are also the theoretical backgrounds of partition chromatography and discussed the results obtained until recently from investigations carried out in several conservation laboratories. The methods adopted in investigations dealt with were based on those typical for thin-layer chromatography with the use of the manufacturer’s set “CAMAG” for coating the glass plates with a carrier layer of Swiss make, then with the use of ex-works glass plates coated with silica gel (Kieselgel 60 F25/,) layer 0.25 mm thick and “Cellulose F” layer 0.1 mm thick. The above plates manufactured by MERCK Co. (West Germany) and having standard size of 20X20 cm can be readily cut to measure, according to the size of chromatographic chamber. The samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis at 105°C with simultaneous changes of both sulphuric acid concentration and duration of hydrolysis. The hydrolytic residue was neutralized with ВаСОз to pH = 7 then filtered with precipitation of deposit and, finally, the filtrate was evaporated at 50°C. To have settled the limits of detectability of amino acids and saccharides a certain number of model binders was prepared 'containing, in addition to chalk playing the role of a filler, the protein and polysaccharide binders as, e.g. hige glue, egg yolk, egg white, isinglass and honey. Proportion of the binder proper to filler in the above binders varied within a comparatively wide range. While identifying the protein binders were chiefly utilized the results of experiments carried out by M. Hey who based her methods on the fact that nor in casein neither in egg-based binders can be found hydroxyproline being a natural amino ao:d present exclusively in g lutin containing glues. Also the model monochromatic samples were prepared containing, in addition to protein binders, quite negligible admixture of honey. The results of 'investigations carried out have shown that in view of its high sensitivity, the speed with which it can be carried out and quite negligible amount of samples required for analysis the method basing on the thin-layer chromatography should find its as wide as possible application in technological tests. However, to obtain the entirely satisfactory results the above method should necessarily be supported by densiitometric technique whose results are fully satisfying the needs.

3

Współpraca polsko-wietnamska w zakresie ochrony dóbr kultury

100%

Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1981

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issue 1-2

109

4

Papiery dokumentów rodzinnych Bohdana Marconiego

100%

Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1975

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issue 3-4

256-261

EN

The first half of the 19th century saw a considerable growth of paper industry in the Polish Kingdom, which was directly associated with the general technical progress and the steadily widening range of activities of Polish publishers. Although lots of high- quality papers were still further imported from abroad the manufacture of wove papers was started in paper mill at Mary mont near Warsaw in 1821 and then at Jeziorna and Sople. Particularly high quality papers were achieved at Jeziorna paper mill where also the production of machine-made papers was started. It is a well-known fact that as librares and archives are basic source for investigations and studies of history of paper-making are to be. Among them the family archives are most hardly accessible for reseachers. The collection of family documents from the years 1818—1870 concerning the family of Kolbergs famous for their merits for the Polish culture, gathered by the late Professor B. Marconi is considered to be extremely interesting. The author carried out in analysis of papers forming the above collection from two viewpoints, i.e. this of provenience and that quality of papers which enabled the following findings: (a) the central institutions of the Polish Kingdom willingly the high-quality papers of Dutch make, (b) the development of domestic paper mills caused that in addition to those imported there were also applied the wove papers from Jeziorna mill, (c) starting from the mid-nineteenth century the handmade papers gave gradually their place in those machine- -made.

5

Przyczynek do badań nad historią konserwacji papieru

100%

Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1974

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issue 3

229-236

EN

The two examples of conservation of the sixteenth- century books printed tin Cracow's old printing works notorious of the high quality of their products have been presented by the author. The first of books, widely known as the so-called Leopolite’s Bible printed at the Szarffenbergers and constituting one of the most outstanding monuments of ancient printing art in Cracow was, in 1883, subjected to restoration by Władysław Wenda then an employee of the Old Records Archive, Warsaw who concentrated his efforts on reconstruction of the missing text parts and on restoration of the partly damaged woodcut illustrations. His work can be regarded as one of the most typical for the nineteenth-century approaches in restoring of old books. Though lacking suitable experience, which the lack found its reflection in quality of conservation carried out, Wenda — it should be emphasized — tried to restore its original forms to the defective copy. So, for instance, the missing frontispiece was replaced by him with a copy prepared by the use of homeographic technique invented in 1857 by Adam Piliński. Also the facsimile reproductions of the four text pages have been added by him. It deservaes to be stressed that Wenda being fully conscious of importance which his description of treatments carried out might have for the future researchers had bound it together with the original text. Hence, the above description can be treated ias one of the first conservator’s documentations.

6

Przyczynek do badań technologii budowlanej światyń wieżowych Czamów (Wietnam)

63%

Wawrzeńczak A., Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1982

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issue 3-4

201-207

EN

Basing on the agreement signed by the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Ministry of Culture and Arts of the Polish People’s Republic, a Polish-Vietnamese conservation mission began in 1980 its activities. Its aim is the protection, preservation and conservation of historic structures left by the Champa tribe on the territory of the present mid-Vietnam. The execution of the works was entrusted to specialists form workshops of monuments conservation. During their a few months stay in 1981 Polish specialists, in cooperation with Vietnamese teams, made a number of architectural recordings and photogrametric measurements, technological investigations and conservation expertises as well as plans for the protection of several structures in the complex of temples in Mi Son, Nha Trang, regions of Qui Nhon and Phan-Rang. They made also constructional stregthenings for one of the towers at Phan-Rang, employing to this end a technique successfully applied in rescue works carried out on the renewal of Lublin. Results of those intensive works will allow the authors to prepare a comprehensive programme for the conservation of the Champa towers which represent the world cultural heritage. According to the hypothesis of French researchers, confirmed by Vietnamese specialists, bricks used in towers were joined together with a special glue obtained, i.a., from the mollusc. Still another hypothesis assumed that the structures were built from dried bricks and then the entire structure was kilned, taking here the advantage of a characteristic arrangement of towers with large portals and oriffices on the top, the construction of which was very similar to ovens used to kiln ceramic materials. The object of the studies made in the Institute of Monuments History and Conservation at the Copernicus University in Toruń was to determine problems connected with a technology of the execution of the ceramic material used to build walls and decor of towers, and to find out a technique of joining the bricks and architectural elements into the whole. In the first stage of the studies samples of the bricks from one of Mi Son’s temple belonging to group С (after Permentier) were analyzed. In the second stage samples taken from the remaining structures are to be examined. The first stage covered also a determination of certain physical and technical properties as well as an analysis of X-ray, thermal and IR spectroscopic difraction. During the studies which were to verify hypotheses of French researchers microchemical tests have been made for the presence of proteins, sugar and oils. Results of the studies allow us to state that samples do not contain organic substances capable of binding the bricks with blue. Interpreting the results of X-ray structural studies the presence of the same minerals as those found in the bricks (i.e. B-quartz and illite) has been found on the surfaces of bricks joining. The conclusion may be hence drawn that the second hypothesis assuming the burning out of the structure as a whole without an earlier thermal treatment of bricks cannot be true either. In the light of the presented initial results of the studies one can assume that the structure was made of kilned bricks joined with a thin layer of clay solution that played the role of building mortar. It is not excluded that some organic substance (e.g. extract from snails) was added to the mortar in order to improve its gluing stregth and then got disintegrated in the kilning process. Still, to fully explain technology of binding ceramic material used in tower temples of the Champa will be possible only after making comprehensive field and laboratory examinations of samples taken from several preserved building complexes.

7

Wpływ niektórych środków neutralizujących na własności papieru

63%

Rudniewski P., Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1973

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issue 3

181-189

EN

The acid reaction of paper, especially when combined with unfavourable conditions of its storage can grow to a cause of hydrolisis of cellulose fibres which in turn becomes the cause of a decreased stability of paper. As one from among several kinds of treatments applied in conservation of papers showing acid reactions may be quoted here their neutralization. The work discussed by the authors within their present publication was aimed at checking the effectiveness and workability of some neutralizing reagents that are usually applied in conservation and at the same time at their confronting with the results achieved with the use of Barrow’s deacidification method. The determinations and tests were carried out on the three following paper grades: (1) Whatman No 4 chromatographic paper, (2) hand-made filter paper manufactured by Jeziorna Paper Mill, and (3) blank newsprint coming from the Paper Mill, Głuchołazy. Properties of papers listed above are presented in Table 1. The papers under test were acidified by their dipping in 10g/l aluminium-potassium sulphate solution (reactions of papers acidified by the use of aluminium-potassium sulphate solution, cf. Table 2). Deacidification of paper samples was carried out by their dipping in solutions of different reagents having appropriate concentrations at 20°C. The time of bath for solutions of barium hydroxide, basic magnesium carbonate and buffer solution was 10 min in each case. While using the Barrow method standard conditions were applied and the combined time of the both baths amounted to 40 min (characteristics of reagents used, see Table 3). The following determinations and tests were carried out with the aim to define the effect of reagents applied on properties exhibited by papers before and after their artificial ageing: (a) paper reaction by contact method, (b) absolute tear resistance tested with the use of the Elmendorf tester, acc. to Polish Standard PN-54-P-04015, (c) number of double folds with the use of the Köhler-Molin tester, acc. to Polish Standard PN-54-P-04012, (d) brightness with the use of the Zeiss leucometer, acc. to Polish Standard PNMLiPD- 56-31033. The artificial ageing was carried out at 105°C within the' period of 72 hrs, acc. to Polish Standard PN-56- P-04030. Resistance to ageing was determined according to changes in strength and has been expressed by В index, i.e. the percentage proportion of properties possessed by the neutralized paper subjected to artificial ageing to those exhibited by the basic paper samples. The alterations in brightness being a result of artificial ageing were expressed with the „loss of brightness” index Z-(1-Rst/Ro)100% where R0 — brightness of basic samples with no ageing treatment applied Rst — brightness of the neutralized paper subjected to ageing treatment. Figures characterizing the above determinations are given in Tables 4, 5 and 6. Through the assessment of results obtained it was possible to come to the following findings: — all the five reagents under investigation allowed to reduce the acidity of paper, — a slightly basic reaction of papers (pH = 7.7 and pH = 8.2) obtained as a result of deacidification with barium hydroxide dissolved in methanol and that carried out with the use of aqueous solution of basic magnesium carbonate had any negative effect on the properties of paper and did not reduce its resistance to artificial ageing, — all the investigated reagents after deacidification caused the increased resistance to artificial ageing when confronted with properties possessed by the basic paper samples, — when compared with Barrow’s method considerably better results of deacidification of both Whatman No 4 chromatographic paper and blank newsprint have been obtained by the use of aqueous solution of buffer, — the results of deacidification achieved with the use of barium hydroxide dissolved in methanol in 1 g to 1 1 proportion are nearing, and, in respect to some properties, even better than those obtained with the Barrow method.

8

Problematyka badawcza i konserwatorska pomnika św. Trójcy w Bańskiej Szczawnicy

51%

Krause J., Skibiński S., Urbanowski M., Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1988

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issue 1

21-34

EN

The monument of Holy Trinity, referred to as the Morowy Pillar, is one of the most valuable monuments at Banska Stiavnica, the town regarded as a monument of national culture in Czechoslovakia. The monument occupies the central part of the Holy Trinity Square, called formerly the Upper Market. A monumental architectonic sculptural structure was erected in the years of 1759-64. It is thought that this is the work of an Italian sculptor, D. Stanetti. The conservation was based on a conservation programme prepared on the basis of a complex expertise done by Polish conservators. The programme paid attention to the conditions set forth by the Slovakians. On the basis of the condition and technological studies, the Slovakian Office for the Protection of Monuments and Nature decided to reconstruct in a synthetic stone all sculptures found on the monument, except for the group of Holy Trinity and St Mary’s statue. To execute nearly thirty copies of the sculpture in a synthetic stone including seven of them over 2 m in height, weighing in total nearly 10 tons, Polish conservators, who had taken up such a job for the first time, had to overcome a number of technological problems and to demonstrate exceptional accuracy and precision of work and artistic skill. Genuine sculptures (after which the copies were made) earmarked for a display in museums were subjected to restricted conservation procedure, consolidating the preserved condition. A stone architectonic composition of the monument as well as a group of Holy Trinity and the statue of St Mary raemining in situ were cleansed, desalted and missing parts were filled up. Moreover, it was subjected to hydrofobization, i.e. the protection of the surface against unfavourable effects of atmospheric falls. Original metal elements of the monument attributes, three big armorial cartouches as well as architectonic details put on stone columns and pilasters were subjected to conservation treatment. All copies of the sculptures made in a synthetic stone had metal attributes reconstructed. The majority of stone and metal architectonic details as well as attributes of sculptures show traces of repeated gildings. During the work small traces of the whitewash, the so-called polerwais, were found in deep cuts. Traces of the whitewash were also discovered on metal elements and on some elements of stone's architecture. The shaft of columns and pilasters as well as cornices and deep pores of rhyolite showed the remainings of thin dressing in grey and blue colouring. A work hypothesis on the original three-colour composition of the monument put forward on the basis of the above discoveries has been confirmed in the colouring of the model of the 17th century pillar preserved in the local museum. Due to the preservation of original colouring to a minimum degree only, the attempt to restore it would be a complete reconstruction changing its appearance. The discovery of original painters’ layers resulted in the restriction of full reconstruction of gildings, planned in the expertise. The planned colouring of the monument, worked out by Polish conservators, envisaged for the preservation of architectonic stone elements without any interference as to its colours, i.e. they were to be left in the condition they had at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The reconstruction of gildings was to be limited to attributes of original sculptures on the monument, i.e. the group of Holy Trinity and St Mary. Attributes of the copies of the sculptures, copies of armorial cartouches and other metal elements of architectonic decor were left in the colour of patina copper harmonizing with the colouring of rhyolite architecture. The remaining gildings preserved in bigger parts on capitals of columns and pilasters were subjected to thorough conservation. Work on this monument, carried out in 4 years, represented still another contribution of Polish conservators in rescuing the world cultural heritage. The condition of the monument in five years after the completion of conservation proves the soundness of adopted conservation assumptions and a high quality of conservation procedure.

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8 Ochrona Zabytków

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15 lat działalności Ośrodka Informacji PP PKZ

Zastosowanie cienkowarstwowej analizy chromatograficznej do identyfikacji spoiw malarskich

Współpraca polsko-wietnamska w zakresie ochrony dóbr kultury

Papiery dokumentów rodzinnych Bohdana Marconiego

Przyczynek do badań nad historią konserwacji papieru

Przyczynek do badań technologii budowlanej światyń wieżowych Czamów (Wietnam)

Wpływ niektórych środków neutralizujących na własności papieru

Problematyka badawcza i konserwatorska pomnika św. Trójcy w Bańskiej Szczawnicy