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The Conceptual Distiction between Polish Markers of Reflexivity siebie and się

100%
Drogosz A.
Acta Neophilologica
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2005
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issue VII
107-118
EN
The article discusses reflexivity as a departure from the canonical event model and examines the distinction between two Polish markers of reflexivity: siebie and się. Both these markers code the direct reflexive situation type but semantically and syntactically they are not always interchangeable. This distinction is explained within Langacker's Cognitive Grammar framework and attributed to the difference in profile, trajector/landmark alignment and construal that these markers impose on a given situation. The article suggests that siebie functions as a nominal reflexive marker, which profiles a thing, and in a reflexive construction stands as the landmark of a relation. Thus siebie imposes the construal of volitionality and contrastiveness, and syntactically, it is obligatory as a prepositional complement and after verbs of perception. Się is a relational reflexive, and as such it profiles a relation, and specifies the identity of trajector and landmark of a relation, which become conflated in the single participant, i.e. the referent of the sentence subject. Consequently, the się-constructions are neutral with respect to intentionality of the profiled action, and conceptually simpler than siebie-constructions, which accounts for their higher frequency of occurrence.
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Rola metafor ontologicznych w dziele Karola Darwina O powstawaniu gatunków

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Drogosz A.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2015
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issue 17/1
21-32
EN
This paper addresses the question of the function that ontological metaphors perform in the theory of evolution presented by Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species. The analysis focuses on three concepts: (evolutionary) change, species/variety and natural selection as well as two types of ontological metaphors: objectification and personification. We claim that ontological metaphors constitute an indispensable step in conceptualization of abstract concepts and their precipitation in language. We have established that objectification and personification of the investigated concepts cannot be removed through paraphrase into literal language and that these metaphors shaped subsequent studies within the field of evolutionary biology. Consequently, we believe that ontological metaphors have primarily a theory-constitutive function, and the exegetical function is only marginal.
3
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Conceptualization of the Gene in Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene

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Drogosz A.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2017
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vol. 6
75-84
EN
This paper investigates the conceptualization of the gene in the book The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins from the point of view of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the Conceptual Blending Theory. It is argued that there are two senses of the gene: gene1 is a physically existing section of the DNA, gene2 is information about protein synthesis. It is the second sense of the concept of the gene that undergoes metaphorization. The analysis reveals that Dawkins’ gene is a conceptual blend which becomes extensively elaborated. Through elaboration the gene becomes personified on the one hand and deified on the other. The study shows the richness of Dawkins’ personification: the gene is conceptualized as building and controlling organisms, cooperating and competing with other genes, even showing personality traits. Deification of the gene is focused on highlighting its stipulated immortality and power to create organisms, humans included. The gene blend is at the same time used as an input space in the integration network producing the meme blend. It is also established that the personification of the gene plays the theory-constitutive role in the sense of Boyd (1993).
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Metaphors of time and Darwin’s Scenario of Evolution

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Drogosz A.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2010
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issue 12
77-87
EN
The paper presents a Cognitive Linguistic analysis of conceptualizations of evolutionary change of living organisms on the basis of the text of The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. It has been established that the “scenario of evolution” proposed by Darwin to account for the emergence of new species is founded on conceptual metaphors of time and the Event Structure metaphor. It is demonstrated that the scenario of evolution receives the greatest elaboration as the metaphor EVOLUTION IS A JOURNEY. It can be safely assumed that the grounding of the scenario of evolution in conventional metaphors of time has triggered later application of the theory of evolution in areas of research outside the realm of biology.
5
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Darwin’s Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of Evolution

100%
Drogosz A.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2016
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vol. 5
31-45
EN
The objective of the paper is to present a Cognitive Semantics approach to Darwin’s theory of evolution. An analysis of the text of The Origin of Species allowed to identify a number of conceptual metaphors, such as: EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IS A JOURNEY, MODIFICATION IS SUBSTANCE, ORGANISMS ARE FAMILY MEMBERS, RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS ARE STRUGGLE, and personification of natural selection. The metaphors are illustrated by excerpts from Darwin’s book. It is claimed that conceptual metaphors contribute to coherence of Darwin’s argument, help to present the theory in a comprehensive and interesting way, and have impact on evolutionary reasoning due to metaphorical entailments. The analysis provides evidence that the logic of the evolutionary theory derives partially from the logic of source domains through which the fundamental concepts of change and relationships among organisms are conceptualized. Finally, it is argued that evolutionary texts offer a rich source of well-documented materials valuable for diachronic studies of metaphor in scientific discourse, beginning with Darwin’s notebooks, through his books, and then over 150 years of evolutionary texts, both scientific and popular, by various authors. It is also believed that a Cognitive Semantics analysis can provide useful insights for better understanding the evolutionary theory as well as controversies around its presentation and reception.
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EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IS A JOURNEY: From Darwin to Dawkins

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Drogosz A.
Acta Neophilologica
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2013
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issue XV/2
19-29
EN
The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the metaphor EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IS A JOURNEY in the text of its original appearance (Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species) and its later developments (texts by Richard Dawkins). An analysis of selected examples allows a conclusion that EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IS A JOURNEY is a theoryconstitutive metaphor for evolutionism. The paper also proposes an extended understanding of the whole concept of theory-constitutive metaphor.
7
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FROM OBJECTIFICATION TO PERSONIFICATION. DARWIN’S CONCEPT OF (NATURAL) SELECTION

100%
Drogosz A.
Acta Neophilologica
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2012
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vol. XIV/1
51-60
EN
The article presents an analysis of conceptual metaphors used by Darwin to describe artificial and natural selection. It is established that three kinds of metaphorization are employed: objectification to conceptualize artificial selection, and agentification and personification to conceptualize natural selection. It is argued that the evidence of Darwin’s text justifies identifying agentification as a special type of metaphorization. Further it is claimed that the ordering of metaphors: objectification – agentification – personification demonstrates the primacy of objectification with respect to more elaborate metaphors and recapitulates the phylogenetic development of the process of metaphorization. The article also addresses the motivation for Darwin’s anthropocentric language.
8
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Conceptual Foundations of Progress in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

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Drogosz A.
Acta Neophilologica
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2012
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issue XIV/2
121-128
EN
The objective of this article is an analysis of those conceptual metaphors and analogies used by Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species which introduce the notion of progress to the concept of evolutionary change. The analysis covers the analogy between artificial and natural selection, conceptual metaphors of journey, struggle and tree with the UP – DOWN schema. We demonstrate that some aspects of these metaphors make progress an inherent part of the concept of evolution.
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Not to be impolite, but this is war: How the impolite strategy of challenge is utilised and countered in debates between atheists and Christians

63%
Górska A., Drogosz A.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2017
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issue XIX/4
65-77
PL
Celem pracy jest analiza strategii niegrzeczności i kontrstrategii w wybranych debatach pomiędzy ateistami/ewolucjonistami (reprezentowanymi przez Richarda Dawkinsa) a chrześcijanami. Analiza łączy metodologię teorii niegrzeczności i semantyki kognitywnej. Ustalono, że strategią niegrzeczności językowej szczególnie efektywną w analizowanych debatach było wyzwanie – „wypowiedzenie wojny” (challenge) ze względu na konceptualną metaforę wojny fundamentalną dla opisywanych debat. Metafora wojny jest przede wszystkim realizowana jako konwencjonalna metafora SPÓR (DEBATA) TO WOJNA, która stanowi ramę opisywanych debat, po drugie, jako idea „świętej wojny” w szeregach gorliwych chrześcijan, a po trzecie, po stronie ewolucjonistów, jako koncepcja walki o istnienie i przetrwanie najsprawniejszych. Wpływ metafory wojny może wyjaśniać rodzaj odpowiedzi stosowanej w celu przeciwstawienia się „prowokującym do wojny” pytaniom (challenging questions), w których adresat traktuje je jak prawdziwe pytania i podaje wyjaśnienie. Ta strategia, określona mianem odwracania uwagi (deflect), pozwala adresatowi odeprzeć atak i uniknąć przyznania racji adwersarzowi, co z kolei skutkowałoby utratą twarzy.
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Between tradition and progress in translation of technical standards

63%
Drogosz A., Drogosz P.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2016
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issue 18/2
EN
The objective of the paper is a comparative analysis of the title of the technical standard ISO 1219 and its three national equivalents: Polish, British and Australian. The analysis has revealed unwarranted modifications in the title, both in its Polish translation and in national issues in the English language. The modifications concerned exchanging up-to-date expressions in the international standard for more traditional and less accurate words “hydraulic” and “pneumatic”. The fact that the modification was introduced even in English-speaking countries suggests that it is not related to translation but to a more general phenomenon of adaptation to a national tradition and practice. The paper also investigates the possible reasons of opting for less accurate and more traditional terminology in national issues. Finally, a short discussion of specific needs of technical translations closes this article.
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