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EN
The considerations included in the study are focused on two fundamental issues closely related to each other. The first of them – the leading one – refers to the socio-ethical consequences of changes taking place in the area of contemporary work and the labor market, mainly under the influence of new digital technologies, in particular, artificial intelligence (AI). These most important consequences, already clearly observed, relate to the changes in the content of work, forms of employment, the processes of the social uprooting of individuals from work, narrowing of the moral space of work, and the individualisation of work, which more and more often happen outside the framework of formal organizations. The emergence of ethical transgression processes in the employee-artificial intelligence perspective should also be discussed. In one of these scenarios, it is also predicted that paid work will increasingly replace the possibility of performing unpaid work (especially services) for family, friends, the local community, etc. In such a situation, the state will guarantee everyone the opportunity to achieve a guaranteed income.
PL
Rozważania zawarte w opracowaniu koncentrują się wokół dwóch zasadniczych, ściśle ze sobą powiązanych kwestii. Pierwsza z nich – wiodąca – odnosi się do społeczno-etycznych konsekwencji zmian zachodzących w obszarze współczesnej pracy i rynku pracy głównie pod wpływem nowych technologii cyfrowych, zwłaszcza zaś sztucznej inteligencji (AI). Te najistotniejsze, obserwowane już bardzo wyraźnie konsekwencje dotyczą przede wszystkim zmiany treści pracy, form pracy i form zatrudnienia, procesów społecznego wykorzeniania jednostek z pracy, zawężania moralnej przestrzeni pracy oraz indywidualizacji pracy, która coraz częściej wyprowadzana jest poza ramy organizacji formalnej. Dodać należy również pojawienie się procesów transgresji etycznej w relacji pracownik–sztuczna inteligencja ujmowanych prospektywnie. W jednym z tych scenariuszy prognozuje się również, że pracę wykonywaną odpłatnie coraz częściej zastępować będzie możliwość wykonywania nieodpłatnej pracy (zwłaszcza usług) na rzecz rodziny, przyjaciół, wspólnoty lokalnej itp. W takiej sytuacji państwo gwarantować będzie każdemu możliwość osiągania tzw. dochodu gwarantowanego.
PL
Zasadniczym celem rozważań zawartych w niniejszym artykule jest próba zdiagnozowania potencjału i specyfiki kapitału społecznego występującego wśród kobiet wiejskich. Kapitał ten traktowany jest tutaj zarówno jako narzędzia pomiaru realnie istniejącego potencjału społecznego uczestnictwa i współdziałania kobiet dla dobra lokalnej, wiejskiej społeczności, jak i jako zespół podstawowych zmiennych, wykorzystywanych w procesie tworzenia i podtrzymywania więzi społecznej w tych społecznościach. Podstawę empiryczną niniejszego tekstu stanowią badania o charakterze ilościowym, przeprowadzone w oparciu o wywiady kwestionariuszowe w lipcu 2007 r., zrealizowane na 1600-osobowej, reprezentatywnej próbie kobiet zamieszkałych na zróżnicowanych obszarach wiejskich we wszystkich 16 województwach, w ramach kierowanego przeze mnie modułu badawczego pt.: Determinanty uczestnictwa kobiet wiejskich w życiu społeczno-politycznym, stanowiącego część szerszego projektu badawczego. Zarówno podstawowe jak i dodatkowe ustalenia zawarte w tym artykule pozwalają stwierdzić, iż choć rozproszony charakter kapitału społecznego kobiet wiejskich wynika ze specyfiki lokalnego środowiska wiejskiego, to jednak chcąc aktywizować kobiety wiejskie poprzez odwoływanie się do specyfiki ich kapitału grupowego musimy poszukiwać takich rozwiązań, w których znajdzie się również miejsce na te wartości, które pozwolą w większym stopniu wyjść kobietom wiejskim z kręgu grup pierwotnych.
EN
The paper focuses on trial to diagnose potential and particularity of social capital among rural women. This type of capital is defined here as both a sort of tool to measure real existing potential for social participation and cooperation of women in local rural community and also as a set of basic variables used in the process of creation and supporting of social bondages in such communities. The paper is empirically based on quantitative research, conducted in July 2007, through questionnaire interview on the representative sample of 1600 women living in various regions of all 16 voivodeships of Poland. The research titled: 'Factors of rural women participation in social and political life' was a part of wider research project. Both main and additional results of the research, reported in the text, lead to conclusion that although social capital of rural women is rather dispersed, and this feature is influenced by local particularity of rural community, such solutions to activate rural women are needed that apply to particularity of their social capital, including such values that would support those women to leave their primary groups.
EN
This article identifies the main reasons that contributed to the wider phenomenon of shifting the consequences of risk and loss toward society during the global economic crisis. It is about risk and losses, both economic and psychological, in the process of making personal financial decisions. The assumption is that the process of shifting the risk and losses is associated with a parallel process of appropriating life chances especially the economic benefits of investment banks across the world. Globalization and digitization of the economy, falling depreciation standards’ of ethical business and instrumentalization its ethical values and processes of digitization of society had influenced the changes in the social structure and the content and format (including forms of employment) of contemporary work. This article presages a planned study on the processes of the instrumentalization of work attitudes that contribute to the individualization, dispersion and inconsistency of the work ethic in Poland.
EN
The subject of the review is a monograph focusing on looking for the causes and determinants of changes taking place in the education system of sociologists in Poland. In the publication, its author presented the results of theoretical analysis and conducted empirical research. The research is in-depth and consistent in a methodological sense, and the approach to the description, diagnosis and interpretation of the most important thematic problems is balanced. The paper presents the leading trends and dynamics of educating Polish sociologists in a comparative aspect, relating to public and private universities. The cognitive and application values of the monograph are the basis for the search for solutions increasing the importance of sociological education in Poland.
PL
Wiodącym celem artykułu jest analiza wiodących dylematów i problemów natury etycznej, występujących na poziomie działań politycznych we liberalnych demokracjach. Owe problemy podnoszone są przede w kontekście prób redefiniowania m.in. wiodących pojęć dotyczących polityki, polityczności czy komunikacji medialnej oraz w kontekście zmiany dominujących relacji między polityką- mediami a opinią publiczną. Jednak to, co stanowi najszerszą ramę tematyczną podejmowanych w artykule problemów odnosi się przede wszystkim do pokazania istotnych różnic w liberalnym i konserwatywnym podejściu do ujmowania polityki i polityczności i wynikających z nich problemów natury etycznej.
EN
Main idea of the paper is to point out, that in contemporary democracies, defined by liberal formula, both political authorities, mass media and public opinion have to face up numerous challenges, which results are difficult to predict. This observation is specially accurate in case of ethical dilemmas. Such phenomenon is accompanied by change in sociological reflection itself concerning mutual relations between areas mentioned above, resulting mainly from global processes. Demands for redefinition or even substitution some terms, typical for primary modernity, as: society, mass media, state, sovereignty, politics and political, by new ones occur more often. Main ethical dilemma of liberal democracies concerns what kind of action should political authorities take to obtain their crucial objective – development of free person as a moral human being. Moreover, communicational dimension of contemporary politics becomes also main source of ethical corruption, based on moralisation of politics and conducted on the level of language.
EN
The basic research problem discussed in this article concerns two inextricably linked fundamental issues. The first of them is connected with a specific character of the social capital in the Polish rural women’s environment, which in this paper is defined in terms of social participation and co-operation based on social trust, maintained networks of contacts, and on the system of their shared values and moral norms. Therefore, definite indices of social trust were adopted for this analysis. They are regarded as independent variables, which can determine the direction and the intensity of rural women’ participation in the socio-political life. The other issue refers to establishing a set of determinants-as exhaustive as possible-of the present and potential participation of rural women in the socio-political life and defining the role played by their social capital as one of these determinants.
EN
The considerations contained in this study focus on two leading and interrelated issues. On the one hand, they relate to the workplace in the Poles’ system of values, on the other they deal with changes taking place in the contemporary labor markets caused by the influence of digital technologies, especially an artificial intelligence. Changing not only the content of the work but also the way it is done, will not be without influence both on attitudes towards work as significant value in human life so far, as well as on changes in leading personality profiles. In the existing scenarios regarding the future of work, one can find very different forecasts for the development of labor markets, the desired shape of the axionormative order of a society of the near future, algorithms increasingly firmly rooted in civilization. In this context, the postulate is increasingly raised that the concept of work, understood both as a value and the specific form of human activity, covers a wide variety of activities, including unpaid work and work without charge, and refers to service, care or educational work performed for the family, community local and also to the various forms of non-employee volunteering.
PL
Rozważania zawarte w tym opracowaniu koncentrują się na dwóch wiodących i powiązanych ze sobą zagadnieniach. Z jednej strony dotyczą miejsca pracy w systemie wartości Polaków, z drugiej zaś traktują o zmianach zachodzących na współczesnych rynkach pracy, wywołanych pod wpływem technologii cyfrowych, szczególnie zaś sztucznej inteligencji. Zmieniająca się nie tylko treść pracy, ale również sposób jej wykonania nie pozostaną bez wpływu zarówno na postawy wobec pracy jako istotnej dotąd wartości w życiu człowieka, jak i na zmiany wiodących profili osobowościowych. W istniejących scenariuszach dotyczących przyszłości pracy odnaleźć można bardzo zróżnicowane prognozy dotyczące rozwoju rynków pracy, pożądanego kształtu ładu aksjonormatywnego społeczeństwa nieodległej przyszłości coraz mocniej zakorzeniającego się w cywilizacji algorytmów. W tym kontekście coraz częściej podnoszony jest postulat, aby pojęcie pracy, rozumiane zarówno jako wartość, jak i określona forma aktywności ludzkiej, obejmowało bardzo zróżnicowane aktywności, również pracę nieodpłatną i niezarobkową, oraz odnosiło się do prac usługowych, opiekuńczych czy wychowawczych, wykonywanych na rzecz rodziny, społeczności lokalnej i do różnych form wolontariatu niepracowniczego.
PL
Wiodącym celem rozważań zawartych w tym opracowaniu jest próba ukazania przyczyn i konsekwencji zawężania moralnej przestrzeni współczesnej pracy. Przestrzeń ta rozumiana jest tutaj jako moralny wymiar stosunków pracy w podmiocie gospodarującym, bazujący na sumieniu. Ogólną ramą interpretacyjną prowadzonych rozważań jest koncepcja godności ludzkiej, zawarta w katolickiej nauce społecznej w odniesieniu do porządku moralnego związanego z pracą. Za wiodącą przyczynę zawężania moralnej przestrzeni współczesnej pracy uznano proces wykorzeniania z pracy, rozumiany dwojako. Zarówno jako odchodzenie od wspólnotowego, społecznego rozumienia pracy i jej etycznego kontekstu w kierunku indywidualizacji pracy, jak i poszukiwanie innych, alternatywnych sposobów budowania własnej tożsamości, w których praca nie stanowi już punktu odniesienia. W odniesieniu do indywidualizacji pracy wskazano na jej dwie dominujące przesłanki: na filozoficzne i etyczne koncepcje dotyczące indywidualizmu jednostki, jej podmiotowości i zindywidualizowanej odpowiedzialności oraz na przemiany dotyczące treści pracy, form pracy i form zatrudnienia. Wskazano również na konsekwencje przewartościowań odnoszących się do pracy i jej indywidualistycznego rysu w odniesieniu do kultury zarządzania.
EN
The leading goal of the considerations contained in this study is to show the causes and consequences of narrowing the moral space of contemporary work. This space is understood here as the moral dimension of labor relations in an economic subject, based on conscience. The general interpretive framework for the deliberations is the concept of human dignity included in the catholic social science in relation to the moral order related to work. The process of uprooting from work, understood in two ways, has been considering for the leading cause of narrowing the moral space of contemporary work. It means both as a departure from the community, social understanding of work and its ethical context towards the individualization of work, as well as the search for other, alternative ways of building one’s identity, in which work is no longer a point of reference. With reference to the individualization of work, two dominant premises were pointed out: philosophical and ethical concepts concerning the individuality of the individual, its subjectivity and individualized responsibility, as well as changes in the content of work, forms of work and forms of employment. It has also indicated the consequences of reevaluations referring to work and its individualistic features in relation to management culture.
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EN
The article is an attempt to shed more light on the main dilemmas connected with determining the interrelationships between different ways of adhering to ethics, in general, and business ethics, in particular. These dilemmas are related not only with the theoretical-methodological context but also with the philosophy of economy to be found in various economic doctrines. An example of such doctrine, in which distinct philosophical and social threads can be found, is F. von Hyek’s doctrine. Proceeding from the analysis of different approaches to the way in which the concept of ethical behaviour in business can be operationalized, the author specifies premises on fovour of the approach to interrelationships between ethics and business called corporate social responsibility. The final part of the article presents the main (from the point of view of research dealing with business ethics) problems connected with the transition from monocentric to polycentric order in Poland.
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2018
|
vol. 21
|
issue 6
17-31
EN
The analysis of the deficits and ethical dilemmas in research will be related to two disciplines of the social sciences: sociology and economics. Research conducted within these disciplines, because of its multi-paradigm nature, tends to be characterized by deficits, not only ethical but also ethical and methodological dilemmas and interpretation reasons. The leading thesis of this paper aims to argue that the looming deficits and ethical dilemmas of Polish researchers in the field of social sciences are two basic but very different premises. The first group of reasons primarily refers to broad ethical deficits, perceived unreliableness in terms of scientific research. It is related mainly to the structural aspects of the functioning of universities and other research units and logic parameterization. In the ethical programs (especially codes of ethics), ethical deficits are identified in three areas of “activity” of research related to the description, diagnosis and interpretation of the results relating to: bragging-e.g. the preparation, recording and publishing of the results that were not obtained; falsification-which means manipulating the research materials, equipment or method, replacing or bypassing the data in such a way that the results are not presented in a true way; plagiarism-the appropriation of other people ideas, methods, results, or terms without proper reference. Plagiarism is also the unauthorized use of information obtained through confidential review of proposals and manuscripts, or e.g. using conference presentations without permission. Its structural evidence is primarily the emphasis on “productivity” and parameterization as the basic criterion, not only of scientific but also academic success-oriented and personalized careers. The second group of reasons refers primarily to broad ethical dilemmas; to the ethical context of social research at every stage of the proceedings: conceptualization, selection of methods, techniques and research tools, conducting research (which concern, for example, the covert participant observation), analysis and interpretation of data, publishing developed and interpreted empirical material. Performing even a cursory analysis of how to present research findings in these two disciplines, you can come to the conclusion that the methodological competence of the investigator does not always go hand in hand with ethical competence. What is more, there is a tendency to downplay the principle that the social sciences should be guided by the principle of the so-called humanistic coefficient.
EN
The analysis of the deficits and ethical dilemmas in research will be related to two disciplines of the social sciences: sociology and economics. Research conducted within these disciplines, because of its multi-paradigm nature, tends to be characterized by deficits, not only ethical but also ethical and methodological dilemmas and interpretation reasons. The leading thesis of this paper aims to prove that the looming deficits and ethical dilemmas of Polish researchers in the field of social sciences are two basic but very different premises. The first group of reasons primarily refer to broad ethical deficits, perceived unreliableness in terms of scientific research. It is related mainly to the structural aspects of the functioning of universities and other research units and logic parameterization. In the ethical programs (especially codes of ethics), ethical deficits are identified in three areas of ‘activity’ of research related to the description, diagnosis and interpretation of the results relating to: bragging – e.g. the preparation, recording and publishing of the results that were not obtained; falsification – which means manipulating the research materials, equipment or method, replacing or bypassing the data in such a way that the results are not presented in a true way; plagiarism – the appropriation of other people ideas, methods, results, or terms without proper reference. Plagiarism is also the unauthorized use of information obtained through confidential review of proposals and manuscripts, or e.g. using conference presentations without permission. Its structural evidence is primarily the emphasis on ‘productivity’ and parameterization as the basic criterion, not only of scientific but also academic success-oriented and personalized careers. The second group of reasons refers primarily to broad ethical dilemmas; to the ethical context of social research at every stage of the proceedings: conceptualization, selection of methods, techniques and research tools, conducting research (which concern for example the covert participant observation), analysis and inter pretation of data, publishing developed and interpreted empirical material. Performing even a cursory analysis of how to present research findings in these two disciplines, you can come to the conclusion that the methodological competence of the investigator does not always go hand in hand with ethical competence. What is more, there is a tendency to downplay the principle that the social sciences should be guided by the principle of the so-called humanistic coefficient. 
PL
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EN
The authoress of the article, reminding the nature of all medical dealings, aims to define the most important origins of medical dilemmas appearing in contemporary medical science and practice. The dilemmas can be divided into two main categories: traditional ones and newly created, contemporary dilemmas. The latter include firstly dilemmas resulting from lncreasing specialisation of medical professions and - at he same time - team character of medical procedures (both diagnostic and therapeutical). Moreover, dilemmas concern basing on economical calculation whereas the costs of many medical procedures increase and ethical standards of society decrease.
EN
The main purpose of the paper is to describe, diagnose and interpret mutual rela-tions between the idea of economic freedom and the sense of responsibility for the common good in modern societies functioning in the system of a free market economy. The starting point for the analysis is a reference to predominating scientific discourses and their appearance in the public sphere. These discourses also take up the problem of mutual relations between freedom and responsibility, including responsibility for the common good. One specific case of the relation between units and the widely understood common good, including units engaged in economic activity, is their relation to more operational public goods. Therefore, starting from conclusions based on a probing research concerning Polish society’s attitude towards public goods (which is an index of public morality), we will try to prove that an oversimpli-fied and highly ideological understanding of economic freedom can lead to a) perception of market activities’ results in strictly economic categories, b) atrophy of priority values for each society such as the sense of responsi-bility and common good. Therefore the main thesis of the paper can be seen as the following state-ment: for each economic organization to perform correctly, it must be socially embedded in a defined axio-normative order. Economic order is a part of social order while freedom, as the leading objective idea, cannot be treated either in purely scientific or ideological categories.
EN
The paper reviews characteristic of three principle mechanisms regulating ethical behavior in business. Concerning the First, viz. the socialization mechanism, it emphasizes that judging the ethical code of business from a decision-making point of view, one has to consider what morals and norms of behave are on the inside. The second type of regulation of ethic behavior refers to the legal-administrative mechanism. On the background of American examples, the text points out some rules and domains of adjusting the competition, also industrial and social regulations. The third type of controlling mechanism deals with the illegitimate, yet already institutionalized realizations of the ethic codex. Considering that sorts of the regulatory instruments, author focuses on elemental rationales that give form and qualities to the ethic codex, which also regards to the Polish realizations.
EN
The subject of considerations of the text are the dominant socio-cultural and market orientations of small business in Poland. These orientations are related to the four dominant models of entrepreneurship in Poland: disaster, evolutionary, system and ethical, while their analysis is performed for three basic perspectives. Firstly, from the perspective of the basic functions that can perform these orientations in the development or slowing of the enterprise market. Secondly, from the perspective of the dynamics of technological change and accompanying uncertainties in the sphere of business. Thirdly, the spatial perspective: local, regional and global scales.In the development of SMEs in Poland crucial meaning is legislation, steadily adapted to EU regulations, especially to the European Charter for Small Enterprises. Research conducted in Poland by many authors provide data for doing so, to confirm the hypothesis that among small businesses a vital role in shaping their work situation did not continue to play the market mechanisms and orientations, but mainly socio-cultural factors.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań zawartych w tekście są dominujące orientacje społeczno-kulturowe i rynkowe drobnych przedsiębiorców w Polsce. Orientacje te odnoszone są do czterech dominujących w Polsce wzorów przedsiębiorczości: żywiołowej, ewolucyjnej, systemowej i etycznej, zaś ich analiza przeprowadzana jest z trzech zasadniczych perspektyw. Po pierwsze, z perspektywy podstawowych funkcji, jakie mogą pełnić te orientacje w procesie rozwoju lub spowalniania przedsiębiorczości rynkowej. Po drugie, z perspektywy dynamiki zmian technologicznych i towarzyszącej im niepewności w sferze działań biznesowych. Po trzecie, z perspektywy przestrzennej: lokalnej, regionalnej i globalnej.W rozwoju MŚP w Polsce podstawowe znaczenie mają również uregulowania prawne, systematycznie dostosowywane do regulacji unijnych, zwłaszcza zaś do Europejskiej Karty Małych Przedsiębiorstw. Badania prowadzone w Polsce przez wielu autorów dostarczają danych ku temu, by potwierdzić tezę, że wśród drobnych przedsiębiorców decydującą rolę w kształtowaniu ich sytuacji pracy odgrywają nadal nie mechanizmy i orientacje rynkowe, ale przede wszystkim czynniki społeczno-kulturowe.
EN
The leading goal of the considerations contained in this text is an attempt to show the changes that take place in relation to work, occupations or profession, and therefore consequently changes in the ways and forms of implementation of both the traditionally understood occupational and the related professional career. It is primarily about changes in the occupations and professions, both in the context of contemporary changes in the content of work, forms of work and forms of employment, as well as in relation with the development of digital technologies. Technical and technological progress has clearly accelerated both the process of disappearance of the old and the emergence of many new occupations, professions, specialties or activities known as work, but devoid of some of its attributes. Freelancing is the specific example of these characteristic changes that have place at the same time and possess an increasingly common form of work and employment. However, the multitude of factors and processes influencing the redefinition of contemporary work, occupations and professions causes that researchers dealing with social anchoring of work do not always agree on the direction and pace of changes that will take place in the future. Many of my doubts and related issues concern what other, apart from work, important forms of activity will become common and available to the average individual. Such forms of activity should also become a source of self-realization, self-esteem, social prestige and the maintenance of social order, just like work today.
PL
Głównym celem rozważań zawartych w tym tekście jest próba ukazania zmian, jakie zachodzą w sposobach ujmowania pracy, zawodu czy profesji, a w konsekwencji również zmian w sposobach i formach realizacji zarówno tradycyjnie rozumianego zawodu, jak i związanej z nim kariery. Chodzi tutaj przede wszystkim o zmiany dotyczące zawodu i profesji, nie tylko w kontekście współczesnych przemian treści pracy, form pracy i form zatrudnienia, lecz także w kontekście rozwoju technologii cyfrowych. Postęp techniczny i technologiczny w sposób wyraźny przyspieszył proces zanikania starych i pojawiania się wielu nowych zawodów, profesji, specjalności czy czynności określanych mianem pracy, ale pozbawionych niektórych jej atrybutów. Charakterystycznym przykładem tych zmian będzie omówiona tutaj, specyficzna, a zarazem coraz powszechniejsza, forma pracy i zatrudnienia, jaką jest freelancing. Jednak wielość czynników i procesów wpływających na redefinicję współczesnej pracy, zawodów i profesji powoduje, że badacze zajmujący się społecznym zakotwiczeniem pracy nie zawsze są zgodni co do tego, w jakim kierunku i w jakim tempie zmiany te będą postępować. Wiele wątpliwości i pytań z tym związanych dotyczy tego, jakie inne niż praca ważne formy aktywności staną się powszechne i dostępne przeciętnej jednostce. Chodzi o formy aktywności, które będą mogły, tak jak obecnie praca, zarówno stać się źródłem samorealizacji, poczucia własnej wartości, prestiżu społecznego, jak i podtrzymywać ład społeczny.
EN
This article can be a contribution to a broad debate on the operation of health care system in Poland. The object of sociological reflection were the findings of a survey carried out among former hospital patients. The collected responses concerned among others: 1. General characterization of the medical personnel’s attitude towards respondents, with the personnel being divided into physicians, nurses and paramedics, and also a characterization of relationships between the medical personnel and other patients perceived by the respondents during their hospitalization. 2. Positive and negative experiences derived from the hospitalization period. 3. Humiliation, indignity experienced or perceived during hospitalization. 4. The respondents’ expectations in relation to the Charter of Patients’ Rights. 5. Evaluation of working conditions of the medical personnel and organization of the health care system. 6. Respondents’ attitude towards various attempts made to reform the health care and the social security systems in Poland. 7. Respondents’ expactations concerning changes in the health care system. The analysis of gathered materials allowed to create a picture of the patient dissatisfied generally with the assistance provided by the medical personnel, counting on the help of other patients, family members, acquaintances, or informal contacts. Statisfied respondents were few and their positive opinions concerned in most cases concrete persons, sometimes persons known to them or bribed. The survey revealed the patient as on object in hospitals, and we consider this problem to be of fundamental importance in the planned reform of health care system in Poland.
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