The article describes the attempt of determining and evaluating of the investment activity of town communes in the West Pomeranian voivodeship. Based on a group of diagnostic features (investment expenditures of the communes per capita, investment expenditures of the communes in relation to their total expenditures, investment expenditures of the communes in relation to their own revenue), taxonomic measures synthetic for the towns involved in the research were constructed. The scope of the research were the years 2004–2014, a period of particular intensity of investments, caused by the influx of resources from the European Union. The research is significant for the specifying of the distance between the towns involved in the context of a chosen aspect of development; it also allows for a distinction of a group of towns of a similar level of investment activity.
PL
W artykule dokonano próby określenia i oceny aktywności inwestycyjnej gmin miejskich woj. zachodniopomorskiego. Na podstawie grupy cech diagnostycznych (wydatki inwestycyjne gmin w przeliczeniu na mieszkańca, wydatki inwestycyjne gmin w relacji do gminnych wydatków ogółem, wydatki inwestycyjne gmin w relacji do dochodów własnych) skonstruowano taksonomiczne miary syntetyczne dla badanych miast. Badaniem objęto lata 2004–2014, będące czasem szczególnego nasilenia inwestycji, wywołanego napływem środków unijnych. Badanie to jest istotne dla określenia dystansu dzielącego miasta pod względem wybranego aspektu rozwoju, umożliwia też wyodrębnienie grup miast o zbliżonym poziomie aktywności inwestycyjnej.
W artykule dokonana została analiza zmian poziomu życia w Wałbrzychu na tle dużych miastach Dolnego Śląska: Jeleniej Góry, Legnicy, Wrocławia. W oparciu o zestaw cech charakteryzujących wybrane miasta w zakresie poziomu życia mieszkańców (m.in.: sytuacja mieszkaniowa, stan środowiska naturalnego, uwarunkowania na rynku pracy, bezpieczeństwo mieszkańców) skonstruowane zostały syntetyczne mierniki rozwoju. Do badania zgromadzone zostały czasowe i przestrzenne szeregi danych. Badanie jest istotne dla określenia dystansu dzielącego badane miasta pod względem wybranego aspektu rozwoju społecznego, umożliwia też wyodrębnienie miast o zbliżonym poziomie życia ich mieszkańców. Badanie pozwoli stwierdzić, czy zastosowane instrumenty prorozwojowe umożliwiły Wałbrzychowi ograniczenie tegoż dystansu.
EN
The article involves an analysis of the changes in the standard of living in Wałbrzych in comparison to the larger cities in Lower Silesia: Jelenia Gora, Legnica, Wrocław. This included the establishing of taxonomic growth measures based on a set of features characteristic ozf the selected cities with regard to the standard of living of their inhabitants (including residential conditions, status of the natural environment, labour market determinants, the safety of the residents). Temporal and spatial data sets have been collected for the purpose of research. The study is important for the determining of the distance between the studied cities with regard to the selected aspect of social development and also allows to distinguish cities with a similar standard of living. It will allow to determine whether the utilised pro-developmental instruments have made it possible for Wałbrzych to limit this distance.
Miasto Jelenia Góra oraz leżące w powiecie jeleniogórskim Szklarska Poręba, Karpacz, Kowary i Piechowice ulokowane są w atrakcyjnej turystycznie południowo-zachodniej części województwa dolnośląskiego. W artykule dokonana została analiza przekształceń w strukturach funkcjonalnych tych miast, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian zachodzących w zakresie pełnionych przez nie funkcji turystycznych. Przeprowadzone zostały badania nad wielkością, strukturą i zmianami zatrudnienia. Badania wykonano na gruncie teorii bazy ekonomicznej, przy wykorzystaniu dwóch mierników – wskaźnika nadwyżki pracowników (WNP) i współczynnika specjalizacji Florence’a (WSF). Wyniki mogą być przydatne w planowaniu rozwoju i w zarządzaniu miastem.
EN
The City of Jelenia Góra and the cities located in Jelenia Góra County, that is Szklarska Poręba, Karpacz, Kowary and Piechowice, are situated in an attractive, in terms of tourism, south-western part of Lower Silesia region. The article presents an analysis of the transformations in the functional structures of these cities, with particular emphasis on the changes occurring in the tourist functions they perform. The conducted research covered employment size, structure and changes. The research was carried out on the background of the theory of economic base using two indicators – surplus employee ratio (SER) and Florence’s coefficient of specialization (FCS). The study can be useful in development planning and in city management.
The article is an attempt to present the relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union in the transition period between the international order that has just finished and the one that is developing. The author analyzes the relations between the parties on the political, military, national and international security related, economic and social planes and also presents optimal scenarios of the relations in the future. In order to do that she uses such research methods as comparative and critical analysis of available literature and resource materials. The analysis of the relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union lets the author draw a concussion that they are important for both political players, especially in relation with the perspective of winning or maintaining the position of a leading actor. Therefore, a conflict between Brussels and Moscow and too fierce rivalry would not be advantageous. Both international players, Russia and the European Union, realize that their co-operation – especially in connection with external threats – can be mostly beneficial. An issue that complicates the bilateral relations is the asymmetry of the parties. Russia is a state that has been a superpower for ages and – in spite of some economic problems – still holds this position. The European Union, on the other hand, is only an international organization, which - although it already is an international legal entity - is striving to join the “club of the chosen”. It is strong economically but not politically. Disproportions between the European Union and Russia also exist both in the military field and the social sphere (the systems of the parties’ values). However, the future of their relations depends mainly on the route they will choose in the nearest future. Thus it depends on whether and to what extend the political integration will prove to be successful for the European Union (what kind of integration the member states will approve of) as well as what development route and what system of values the Russian Federation will decide to choose. None of the options has been determined yet. However, it is certain that Russia’s starting position is better: it is a master of political games while the European Union seems to be continually too naïve.
The purpose of the article is to identify the specialized (exogenous) functions of Polish capital – Warsaw – and to analyze this town functional structure in the period 2004- -2014. The discussed period is characterized by the development of country economy, which coincided with the Polish accession to the European Union structures. The conducted research covered the size, structure and changes of employment. The research was conducted at the background of economic base theory with regard to a city using two measures – surplus employee index (SEI) and Florence’s index of specialization (FIS). The research can turn out useful in urban development planning and in city management.
Catholic modernism, an intellectual trend that developed within the Catholic Church in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, sought to rebuild the Church and to modernise its teaching methods. It combined tradition and modernity, and it was at the level of literature that such link was made – a medium whose effect on religious belief was significant. Due to its reformist tendencies modernism was often called “the new Protestantism.” St. Francis was also the patron of the quest for renewal. A resurgence of interest in the saint was noted in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century among Anglicans, Lutherans, and Protestants. St. Francis represented such qualities that all Christians, regardless of denomination, see as a perfect incarnation of the principles of the Gospel. Protestants (followed by Catholic modernists) portrayed him as a reformer of the thirteenth-century Church and a patron of the “new reformation.” In a natural way, he combined and renewed, or actually restored the teaching of Christ. In the Young Poland era, the approach to St. Francis was largely shaped by the book Life of St. Francis of Assisi by Paul Sabatier. Traces of its reception can be found in most Catholic publications of the period devoted to the life and work of the saint.
Summary and evaluation of implemented, in the last financial perspective of EU, policies should be the basis for development of new directions and principles of European spending. This article presents an issue of implementation of the territorial dimension in cohesion policy. The spatial concentration of resources allocated to rural development under the Regional Operational Programme for the Lower Silesia 2007-2013 was analysed. Furthermore, the documents’ analysis to determine development opportunities for these areas in the new financial perspective were undertaken. The research shows inadequate recognition of the territorial dimension in the current implementation of EU policies. However, the results highlights the possibility of using a new instrument, which are Integrated Territorial Investments, in order to strengthen the geographical factors in the allocation of support.
PL
Ewaluacja wdrażanych w ostatniej perspektywie finansowej polityk UE powinna być podstawą kształtowania nowych kierunków i zasad wydatkowania funduszy europejskich w celu poprawy skuteczności ich wdrażania. W artykule podjęto problematykę implementacji wymiaru terytorialnego w ramach polityki spójności. Przeanalizowano przestrzenną koncentrację środków przeznaczonych na rzecz rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w ramach Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego dla Województwa Dolnośląskiego (RPO WD) na lata 2007-2013. Następnie dokonano analizy dokumentów w celu określenia szans rozwojowych dla tych obszarów w nowej perspektywie finansowej (2014-2020). Badania wskazują na niedostateczne ujęcie wymiaru terytorialnego w dotychczasowej realizacji polityki UE. Stwierdzono przy tym możliwość nie tylko prawną, lecz także wynikającą z gotowości instytucjonalnej, do wykorzystania nowego instrumentu, jakim są Zintegrowane Inwestycje Terytorialne, w celu wzmocnienia czynników geograficznych w przydzielaniu wsparcia.
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