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Prawo nasciturusa do życia w prawie konstytucyjnym i prawie międzynarodowym

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Roszkiewicz J.
Forum Prawnicze
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2017
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issue 4 (42)
97–124
EN
Human life in the prenatal phase enjoys legal protection under the constitutional law in Europe, international law and European Union law. The intensity of this protection varies considerably depending on the adopted solutions in the area of abortion, research on embryos and the selection of embryos in the procedure of artificial insemination. In some legal systems the embryo or foetus is recog- nized as a subject of the right to life equally with a born person, while in other “developing life” is treated as an objective value, which, however, is lower in the hierarchy than the rights of a born citizen. It should be noted that even countries with a very wide access to abortion consider the need to ensure the minimum of legal protection of nasciturus e.g. France, which by ratifying the Oviedo Conven- tion has underwritten the commitment to guarantee respect for the dignity of unborn human beings by on-going scientific research.
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Bezpośrednie stosowanie Konstytucji przez organy administracji publicznej

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Roszkiewicz J.
Przegląd Legislacyjny
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2015
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issue PL 4(94)
57-77
EN
The article treats about the dissembled matter of direct applicability of the Constitution by public administration bodies. It presents an alternative vision of administration with an active official being not only „the mouth of law” but the vital part of the mechanism. It seems that Polish legal system could actually be more efficacious and „citizen-friendly” provided that government administration, as well as the local authorities, become more aware of the significance of the norms, principles and values that Constitution embodies. Article 8 section 2 of the Polish Constitution sets forth that it shall be applied directly. Constitution does not provide any exceptions to this rule; hence, there are no legal circumstances to assume that only courts are authorized to do so. All in all, it appears that bodies of public administration are entitled to apply constitutional provisions but not as extensively as judges. First and foremost, administrative organs may make decisions based just on constitutional norms, provided that they are clear and precise enough. Article 78 guarantees each party to the proceedings the right to appeal against decisions of the first instance. If a statute does not unambiguously prescribe exceptions to this rule, the organ of the second instance is authorized to look into the party’s appeal directly on the basis of the Constitution. Secondly, the abovementioned bodies can also interpret administrative law pro-constitutionally e.g. by applying the principle in dubio pro tributario in tax cases. Moreover, they may refuse to apply specific provision of a statute, regulation or bylaw, in case the Constitutional Tribunal declares it unconstitutional. Tribunal’s judgment rebuts the presumption of constitutionality of such provision, even when it decides on the basis of article 190 section 3 of Constitution to postpone the date for the end of the binding force of thereof. Therefore, law that has been declared unconstitutional may not be applied by the administrative organs. But as opposed to the general and administrative courts, organs of public administration cannot refuse to apply provision of any absolute act of law on their own. Administrative officials, in contrary to judges, are not independent and they are not subject only to Constitution and statutes.
3
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Czy Konstytucja R P jest przystosowana do czasów kryzysu? Wybrane problemy i postulaty de lege ferenda

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Roszkiewicz J.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2021
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issue 2 (60)
141-153
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest kwestia, czy Konstytucja RP z 1997 r. w wystarcza-jącym stopniu gwarantuje ciągłość i współdziałanie organów władzy publicznej na wypadek nagłych zagrożeń takich jak wojna, rebelia, kataklizm naturalny czy zamach terrorysty-czny. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że Konstytucja RP jest przygotowana na stan-dardowe sytuacje nadzwyczajne, natomiast nie zawiera procedur na wypadek trudnych, ale możliwych do przewidzenia scenariuszy: konieczności wprowadzenia stanu nadzwy-czajnego w okresie kampanii wyborczej; niemożności zebrania się minimalnego kwo-rum w liczbie 230 posłów na potrzeby Sejmu z powodu spektakularnej klęski żywiołowej albo wojny; śmierci najważniejszych osób w państwie.
EN
The subject of this article is the question whether the Constitution of the Republic of Po-land of 1997 provides sufficient guarantees for the continuity of government and cooper-ation of public authorities in the event of sudden threats such as war, rebellion, natural disaster or terrorist attack. The analysis shows that the Constitution of the Republic of Poland is prepared for standard emergency situations, but does not contain procedures in the event of the worst-case scenarios: necessity of state of emergency during electoral campaign; failure to gather a minimum quorum of 230 deputies for the needs of a ses-sion of the parliament; the death of top politicians in the state.
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O dopuszczalności zdalnego głosowania w Sejmie na podstawie Konstytucji RP z 1997 r.

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Roszkiewicz J.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2021
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issue 3(164)
111-125
EN
The subject of the article is to assess the admissibility of remote voting in the Sejm by means of electronic communication from the point of view of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, in particular Article 109(1) and Article 120. The aim of the article is to determine – with the use of dogmatic, historical and comparative method – the possibility of holding a valid sitting of the Sejm in the presence of deputies remotely participating in the sitting. The text takes the view that a purposive interpretation allows for the holding of a sitting of the Sejm in virtual form (by permitting remote voting) in exceptional situations, in particular when the physical presence of deputies in the plenary chamber is impossible or would involve a serious risk to their life or health. The technical means used for remote voting should ensure that all authorised deputies have a secure and effective connection to the voting equipment, i.e. that the voter can be identified, that it is tamper-proof and that the vote can be cast efficiently.
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