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Przesłanki wizyty prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych Richarda Nixona w Moskwie w dniach 22-30 maja 1972 roku

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Porczyńska A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2005

issue 78

135-149

The Policy of Peaceful Competition realized by President of the United Stales Richard Nixon on the turn of 1960s and 1970s resulted in the peaceful dialogue between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning disarmament. The circumstances of the summit talks in Moscow were: the inclination to consolidation of international security and peace propagated by the Eastern European Socialdemocratics in the conception of disengagement and conception of the peaceful coexistence of slates which have different social systems restored during the 20th and 22nd Congress of Communist Party of the USSR. Agreements about the fragmentary limitations of nuclear armaments were the proof of these conceptions on the turn of 1960s and 1970s. The other circumstances were: fiasco of the American policy in Wietnam and tense relations between Moscow and Peking, which were permitted The Nixon Administration to take the advantage of that rapprochement with the People’s Republic of China to establish a dialogue with the USSR. The encouragement to bcgining a dialogue was A Peaceful Programme, which Brezniev announced of the turn of March and April 1972 concerning a new foreign policy of the USSR to detente between East and West. The fundamental circumstance of the summit talks in Moscow was the acknowledgement by the United States and the USSR, at the end of 1960s, that nuclear parity exsisted, which was linked with continual expenses for armaments and new technology of armaments by both powers. Moreover, the leaders of the USSR wanted to sign the economic agreement with the United States which would allow to avoid disastrous economic situation in the USSR. One should add the efficient control of the realization of the agreements accepted by the states in the field of disarmament which was possible due to using the national technical control measures. All these circumstances resulted in the visit of the President of the United Stales in Moscow in May 1972 and it initiated signing the agreements of limitation of strategic armaments, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation between both superpowers.

Stanowisko rządu Johna F. Kennedy’ego wobec kryzysu kongijskiego na forum ONZ (1961-1963)

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Porczyńska A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2007

issue 81

183-200

The Congo Crisis was one of the conflicts which involved economical and military power of the United Nations under presidency of John F. Kennedy. The United Stales had already aided Belgium but they weren’t able to solve that problem by using the US Army in Secessionist Katanga because it would lead to the direct confrontation with the USSR and its satellite countries. The second reason was connected with involvement of American private business in Katangian industry and the attempts of its exclusion made by Belgians or Patrice Lumumba’s forces. The John F. Kennedy Government attitude was determined by his predecessors policy of the containment, which should be successful in the decolonized areas. The John F. Kennedy Government attitude towards the United Nations during the Congo Crisis was determined by the majority in General Assembly created by newly independent African countries which supported the Soviet Union and his allies. That was the main cause why previously adopted “majority voting” in General Assembly was impossible for the John F. Kennedy Government.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2 Porczyńska A.

1 2007

1 2005

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Przesłanki wizyty prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych Richarda Nixona w Moskwie w dniach 22-30 maja 1972 roku

Stanowisko rządu Johna F. Kennedy’ego wobec kryzysu kongijskiego na forum ONZ (1961-1963)