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Pola bitew – ważny element dziedzictwa

100%

Wrzosek J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2010

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issue 1-4

173-182

EN

Battlefields are where historical events took place. They differ in significance, which is either national or global. It is usually difficult to determine the exact area of conflict. This particularly concerns battles that were fought in ancient or medieval times. The more recent a battle, the more abundant historical sources are, and it is easier to determine the field of conflict in question. In order to discover its precise location, historical and other types of research are conducted. This sometimes might shed new light on what historians have established so far. The answer to the question of whether a battlefield constitutesa monument is of course affirmative and there should be no doubt about it. The Polish law recognises, among others, places that commemorate events as monuments, and an area where a battle was fought is most certainly such a place. In Poland there are five fields of battle which are legally protected by being inscribed on the register of monuments. These are: Grunwald (1410), Racławice (1794), Maciejowice (1794), Raszyn (1809) and Westerplatte (1939). As many as three of them – Grunwald, Racławice and Westerplatte – are considered Monuments of History and are of special significance to the State. Which is the best form of protecting a place such as a battlefield? The Act of July 23, 2003, on the Protection of Monuments and the Guardianship of Monuments introduces forms of protection other than the inscription on the register of monuments. These are the creation of cultural parks and the introduction of protection arrangements into local spatial development plans. It might seem that the above measures are more flexible and efficient in preventing the degradation of battlefields. A question arises then: how to legally protect a battlefield without inscribing it on the register of monuments? It seems that the best way is to indicate that such an area is under conservation protection and to list it in the Voivodeship Record of Historical Monuments. In the case of battlefields where elements such as the remains of field fortifications or graves of those killed in battle were preserved, it appears that the best solution is to implement a combined strategy. The area of the battlefield itself can be protected by the conservator and might be included in the Voivodeship Record of Historical Monuments. Other aforementioned monuments can be inscribed on the register of monuments. This will ensure both the protection of the area and the protection of the immovable monuments, though on a smaller scale. There are at least 4 stages of the proceedings that need to be undertaken in order to determine an area where a battle was fought in the past: Stage I – Detailed historical and cartographic analyses. Stage II – Field research consisting in determining where in the modern landscape the characteristic elements of the landform features, hydrography, or roads, related to particular historical events, can be found. Stage III – Archaeological research, which will enable to specify the exact area of the field of conflict, determine the places where particular parts of the battle were fought, or verify the immovable monuments associated with it. Stage IV – Determining the zones under conservation protection. There are several ways to enhance the attractiveness of areas where a battle was fought in the past. One of them is creating a museum dedicated to this particular historical event. Choosing this option, one must bear in mind that the museum has to be modern and present its message in an attractive way. Another, cheaper solution is to stage historical events with the participation of the so-called groups of historical reconstruction. In the years 2008-2011 the National Heritage Board of Poland, initially known as the National Centre for the Research and Documentation of Monuments (KOBiDZ), undertook the task of conducting archaeological research involving 3 fields of battle. The battles in question were 2 battles of the Seven Years’ War fought in Sarbinowo in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship (Zorndorf 1758) and in Kunowice in the Lubuskie Voivodeship (Kunersdorf 1759), as well as the battle of Ossów in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. Battlefields are unique monuments. They are not buildings or other monuments that are noticed immediately. Their boundaries are blurred and it requires a lot of effort to determine their approximate surface. Protecting them constitutes another problematic issue, as their areas are significantly large. Research, exploration and protection of such monuments can all become important factors with regard to social integration among local communities, raising historical awareness or, last but not least, awakening patriotic sentiments.

2

„BADANIA ARCHEOLOGICZNE NA TRASACH INWESTYCJI DROGOWYCH – WYZWANIA I OSIĄGNIĘCIA” Konferencja, Warszawa, 5-7 marca 2009 r.

100%

Wrzosek J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2008

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issue 2

6-7

EN

Aconference entitled “Archaeological Research along Road Investment Routes – Challenges and Accomplishments”, held on 5-7 March 2009 in Warsaw, was organised by the National Heritage Board of Poland, the Scientific Society of Polish Archaeologists and the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw. The conference presented the most interesting discoveries made during excavations conducted in 2006-2009. Guests from Ireland, Germany, France and Switzerland discussed archaeological investigations carried out in the course of road investments in those countries. The participants also considered conservation and formal-legal problems, professional ethics, the preparation and publication of the research outcome, the storage of historical monuments, and the coperation of the investor and the executor.

3

Grób podporucznika artylerii konnej Królestwa Polskiego Bonawentury Kuźniczowa w kolegiacie łowickiej – przyczynek do genealogii rodziny Kuźniczowów

51%

Kamińska M., Szczepanek A., Wrzosek J.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2023

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vol. 30

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issue 2

241-253

EN

The grave of Bonawentura Kuźniczow, a Polish soldier who died in 1829, was found in one of the crypts in the cathedral in Łowicz. The preserved grave equipment can contribute to studies on the uniforms of the Polish Army uniforms during the Congress Kingdom of Poland. The reason why the soldier was buried in the collegiate church remains unknown. However, the conducted query contributed to the reconstruction of the Kuźniczów family tree. (tłum. Mariusz Górniak).

PL

Grób Bonawentury Kuźniczowa, zmarłego w 1829 r. żołnierza Wojska Polskiego, został znaleziony w jednej z krypt katedry w Łowiczu. Zachowane wyposażenie grobu może uzupełnić studia nad umundurowaniem Wojska Polskiego okresu Królestwa Kongresowego. Powód, dla którego żołnierz został pochowany w ówczesnej kolegiacie, pozostaje nieznany. Przeprowadzona kwerenda stała się jednak przyczynkiem do odtworzenia drzewa genealogicznego rodziny Kuźniczowów.

4

Działa i kamienna amunicja artyleryjska w arsenale wrocławskim w 1547 roku

51%

Strzyż P., Czubla P., Wrzosek J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2018

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issue 102

31-49

EN

Wroclaw arsenal, built in the 2nd half of the 15th century at the Mikołajska Gate, remained the main storage for municipal weapons until early 16th century. The inventory of weapons made in 1547, containing a list of artillery with stone cannonballs for 42 cannons, is one of the most important written sources regarding its history. The cannons are described briefly, and the type and number of bullets for different types of barrels are given. The guns were both heavy mortars firing 104-pound bullets and small chamber cannons (kannerpixen) adjusted to the 4-pound projectiles. The supply of stone ammunition was 4286 cannonballs in total. Archaeological work carried out in the 1970s in the courtyard of the arsenal led to the discovery of a very large assemblage of stone ammunition consisting of almost 2,500 cannonballs. They had a caliber of about 10 cm to about 25 cm. The extraordinary size of the assemblage, without analogies in Polish or even Central European materials, allowed for the detailed study of the types of rock used by stonemasons to produce the ammunition.

PL

Wrocławski arsenał, którego budowę rozpoczęto w 1459 r. przy Bramie Mikołajskiej, aż do pocz. XVI w. stanowił główne miejsce służące do przechowywania miejskiego uzbrojenia. Jednym z ważnych źródeł dotyczących jego historii jest inwentarz pochodzący z 1547 r. Istotne miejsce w wykazie tym zajmuje artyleria wraz z amunicją, bowiem w systemie obrony Wrocławia działa starszego typu, dostosowane jeszcze do amunicji kamiennej, nadal zajmowały ważne miejsce, ale przechowywano też działa nowszych typów, jak również ręczną strzelbę miejską – hakownicę. W interesującej nas w tym miejscu kwestii dział kamiennych, w arsenale były wówczas łącznie 42 lufy. W spisie znajduje się ich zwięzły opis, rodzaj oraz liczba kul przeznaczonych do poszczególnych rodzajów broni. Łącznie zapas amunicji kamiennej wynosił 4286 kul wszystkich wagomiarów. Prace archeologiczne przeprowadzone w południowo-wschodniej części dziedzińca arsenału w latach siedemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku doprowadziły do odkrycia bardzo licznego zespołu amunicji kamiennej, który wówczas określono na około 2500 pocisków. Były to zarówno kule granitowe, jak i wykonane z piaskowca. Nadzwyczajna liczebność zbioru, niemająca odpowiednika ani w materiałach polskich, ani nawet środkowoeuropejskich, pozwoliła na jego szczegółowe opracowanie oraz porównanie z informacjami zawartymi we wspomnianym spisie z 1547 r.

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Pola bitew – ważny element dziedzictwa

„BADANIA ARCHEOLOGICZNE NA TRASACH INWESTYCJI DROGOWYCH – WYZWANIA I OSIĄGNIĘCIA” Konferencja, Warszawa, 5-7 marca 2009 r.

Grób podporucznika artylerii konnej Królestwa Polskiego Bonawentury Kuźniczowa w kolegiacie łowickiej – przyczynek do genealogii rodziny Kuźniczowów

Działa i kamienna amunicja artyleryjska w arsenale wrocławskim w 1547 roku