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  1. 2 Przegląd Policyjny

  2. 1 Internal Security

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  1. 3 Łyżwa A.

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  1. 3 2020

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THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN PREVENTING AND COMBATING THE CRIME OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

100%
Łyżwa A.
Przegląd Policyjny
|
2019
|
vol. 136(4)
258-272
EN
The subject of this study is the characteristics of Polish law enforcement authorities in the fi eld of preventing and combating the crime of traffi cking in human beings. The author points out that, based on existing legal regulations in Poland, the foremost burden related to prevention and prosecution activities of this type of crime lies within the scope of duties of the prosecutor’s offi ce, the Police, and the Border Guard. Thus, the article is devoted to a concise description of the indicated entities in terms of their legal instruments which make it possible to effectively implement the tasks and duties imposed by law and regulations upon the institutions. In the author’s assessment, the key role in the system is played by the prosecutor, who is the only authority sanctioned to make decisions on initiating the investigation and entrusting its conduct in its entirety or the indicated scope to other authorities, primarily the Police or the Border Guard. The prosecutor’s special role also results from the fact of being solely entitled to draw up and support an indictment in court in cases involving traffi cking in human beings. Nevertheless, according to the author, in practice, the main responsibility to carry out procedural and operational activities in this category of cases lies with the Police and Border Guard. The author points out that, at present, the Polish law enforcement system has appropriate instruments, both at the legal and institutional levels, ready for the effective prevention of and combat against crimes of human traffi cking. However, bearing in mind that the phenomenon of human traffi cking has, in principle, a cross-border dimension, the article highlights the aspect of international cooperation between the relevant institutions established to detect and prosecute these crimes.
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ROLA ORGANÓW ŚCIGANIA W PRZECIWDZIAŁANIU I ZWALCZANIU ZBRODNI HANDLU LUDŹMI

100%
Łyżwa A.
Przegląd Policyjny
|
2019
|
vol. 136(4)
243-257
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest charakterystyka polskich organów ścigania w zakresie ich kompetencji w obszarze zapobiegania i zwalczania zbrodni handlu ludźmi. Autorka zwraca uwagę, że na gruncie obowiązujących w Polsce regulacji prawnych główny ciężar związany z działalnością prewencyjną oraz ściganiem tego rodzaju przestępczości spoczywa na prokuraturze, Policji i Straży Granicznej. Artykuł został tym samym poświęcony zwięzłej charakterystyce wskazanych podmiotów ocenianych pod kątem posiadanych przez nie instrumentów prawnych, dzięki którym możliwa jest skuteczna realizacja ustawowo nałożonych na te instytucje zadań i obowiązków. W ocenie autorki kluczową rolę w tym systemie odgrywa prokurator, który jest jedynym organem uprawnionym do podejmowania decyzji o wszczęciu śledztwa oraz powierzania go, celem przeprowadzenia w całości lub wskazanym zakresie, innym organom, a przede wszystkim Policji lub Straży Granicznej. Szczególna rola prokuratora wynika również z faktu, że wyłącznie on jest uprawniony do sporządzenia i popierania przed sądem aktu oskarżenia w sprawach dotyczących handlu ludźmi. Niemniej jednak, zdaniem autorki, to na Policji i Straży Granicznej spoczywa w praktyce główny ciężar przeprowadzania czynności procesowych i operacyjnych w tej kategorii spraw. Autorka podkreśla, że polski system organów ścigania posiada aktualnie odpowiednie instrumenty — zarówno na poziomie prawnym, jak i instytucjonalnym, zarówno do efektywnego zapobiegania, jak i zwalczania zbrodni handlu ludźmi. Mając jednak na uwadze, że zjawisko handlu ludźmi ma co do zasady wymiar transgraniczny, w artykule zaznaczony został aspekt współpracy międzynarodowej pomiędzy odpowiednimi instytucjami powołanymi do wykrywania i ścigania rzeczonych przestępstw.
3
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Trafficking in Human Beings for Forced Labour. Contemporary Trends and Threats

100%
Łyżwa A.
Internal Security
|
2020
|
vol. 12(1)
267-279
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of human trafficking in legal and criminological terms, with particular emphasis on the exploitation of victims of the crime for work or forced services. The author introduces the essence of forced labour by reaching for many of its legal definitions contained in legal acts in the rank of conventions, as well as ordinary laws. At the same time, it highlights the factors that characterize the type of work indicated and allow to distinguish it from other types of violations, including violation of employee rights. The phenomenon of human trafficking is shown through the prism of its current evaluation tendencies, both globally and regionally (European, and especially EU). To this end, the author presents statistical data collected in recent years by, inter alia, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the International Labour Organization, the International Organization for Migration and the European Commission. She emphasizes, however, that the actual scale of the aforementioned crime remains unknown. A significant part of the discussion focuses on the issue of human trafficking in modern Poland, showing the scale of the dealings in question, diagnosed in recent years by law enforcement agencies. A lot of attention is also paid to the spectrum of crime threats on the Polish labour market from the perspective of foreigners. Thus, with particular care, she considers the problem of violating the employment rights of Ukrainian citizens as the largest group of foreigners illegally employed in Poland. She also shows the legal situation in this area of the citizens of Belarus, Moldova, India and Russia. She discusses this issue in the context of activities of the National Labour Inspectorate included in the audit report for 2017. The author further scientific interest includes the issue of criminalization of human trafficking in selected countries around the world. In this respect, it refers primarily to legal regulations contained in the Latvian, Hungarian, Swiss, Finnish, Ukrainian and Liechtenstein penal codes. The author’s ambition was to present the indicated issues in a concise manner, while also taking into account its most important aspects.
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