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DZIEDZICTWO POLSKICH HOLENDRÓW holland.org.pl

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Szałygin J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2005

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issue 3

101-110

EN

The Dutch settlement movement in Poland in unused floodlands located along the Vistula, the Bug, the Wkra and other rivers, originated in the Commonwealth during the sixteenth century. The influx of the colonists who came from Flanders and Friesland, was caused, on the one hand, by the religious repressions suffered by the Mennonites in The Netherlands and, on the other hand, by practical reasons: the newcomers represented a high economic level and thus were regarded as highly desirable settlers. They were always offered land either along river banks or marshes and wastelands. Thanks to centuries-long experiences in combating water, won in their homeland, they were capable of developing terrains which at first glance appeared to be totally useless, by establishing a whole system of ditches, dams. and dikes. The farms of the first settlers, with a dominant part played by animal husbandry and orchards, were characterised by much larger productivity, the application of modern solutions, and a better organisation of labour than those of the corvée peasants. The economic basis consisted of a cash rent payable to the landowners in return for leasing and cultivating the land. Due to the different system of management, considerable independence, self-governance, and predominantly, prosperity, the settlers could afford to erect impressive buildings, decorated with lavish window and door joinery, and admired up to this very day for their beauty and professional execution. Both individual Dutch buildings and entire villages are succumbing to gradual transformation and destruction. Settlements colonised according to Dutch law have, in contrast to the surrounding villages, preserved their traditional and historical character; furthermore, they include a multitude of historical buildings representing various architectural styles. Unfortunately, we possess only fragmentary information about the total resources as well as the size of the settlement network. This lack of data has led to the absence of suitable protection for the remnants of Dutch settlements in Poland which, after all, are of value not only for Polish culture, but also for Dutch and German tradition; unfortunately, all three remain ignored and threatened with devastation and, worse, oblivion. This is the reason why the Association of Conservators of Historical Monuments has proposed an Internet catalogue of Dutch settlement monuments in Poland, available at: holland.org.pl. The program in question assumes a material documentation of the cultural heritage associated with the Dutch settlements, i.e .villages, farmsteads, residential and farm buildings, as well as churches and cemeteries; other tasks entail a popularisation of the part played by the settlers in our history in the form of a Polish-English Internet portal. We sincerely hope that the idea of creating the such a portal will interest numerous active participants in its expansion and functioning. The description and propagation of knowledge about historical monuments connected with Dutch colonisation is the only solutions enabling their actual protection and preservation for future generations. We cannot permit yet another element of traditional rural culture to be doomed to oblivion, especially considering that it is so closely connected with three worthy traditions.

2

Rejestr i ewidencja zabytków nieruchomych oraz ruchomych w działaniach Narodowego Instytutu Dziedzictwa

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Szałygin J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2012

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issue 1-2

117-158

EN

The National Heritage Board of Poland continues directly the activity of the first institution dealing with the collection, elaboration and popularisation of knowledge on historical monuments in Poland – the Centre for Documentation of Monuments, which was established in 1962. The organisational structure of the institution evolved, but among its priority tasks there were still documentation-related works: collection, elaboration and making available of the record of monuments in the form of record documentation and legal documentation of all registered monuments. The department which has carried out these tasks in a virtually unaltered manner is the current Monument Record and Register Department. The current tasks of the Department include also the elaboration of documentation standards, preparation of the record, keeping of the register of monuments and training of conservation services in this respect. Currently we are also supervising the performance of the monument register verification project – the description of the resource of monuments in Poland. These activities make it possible to provide successive generations with knowledge on the material culture of our ancestors, on authentic, transformed or defunct objects, complexes of objects and the cultural landscape. Our documentations are used in scientific studies and research works and constitute a basis for conservation projects. They are used for restoring the destroyed and defunct objects that constitute a significant element of national heritage. The Monument Record and Register Department collects, elaborates and provides access to knowledge on monuments in Poland in a continuous manner (under various names). MRRD collects duplicates of the documentation of monuments forming a part of the collection of the national record of monuments, which is elaborated for the needs of voivodeship conservators and by voivodeship conservators of monuments, that are sent to NHBP. The record as a form of documentation dates back to the middle of the 18th century and its legal grounds were established in 1928. The following record documentations are kept in the Monument Record and Register Department (amount as at 31.12.2011): • record cards of monuments of architecture and historic buildings (138,304 items, including 104,420 white cards and 33,884 green cards), • address cards of monuments (650,000), • records of historic greens (9,249), • record cards of cemeteries (25,367), • town planning files (1,274), • cards of movable monuments (371,876), • record cards of movable monuments of technology (9,710). Other forms of record documentation being used currently are the communal record of monuments and record lists of monuments. The regular updating of the list of shortages is one of the elements of the keeping of the central record of monuments in the activity of MRRD. Many activities concerning the documentation of monuments are performed in accordance with the well-established tradition. The challenging process that is necessary to carry out is the digitalisation of collections of the record. The central register of monuments has been kept as a primary form of monument protection since 1962. The Department maintains a uniform database system, which is understood as a specially developed kind of software (Multiarch). The database of objects entered into the register of monuments that is kept in NHBP is the only database in Poland that encompasses all legally protected non-movable and movable monuments. The verification of the register of nonmovable movements is an important task co-ordinated by the Monument Record and Register Department, which has been carried out by Local Divisions of NHBP since the end of 2008. Long-term plans of verification of the register of monuments apply to movable monuments, too. In practice, the performance of the main aforementioned tasks is often connected with additional activities, part of which is a consequence of the employees’ own initiative, knowledge and commitment as well as identification with the 50-year tradition and achievements of NHBP’s predecessors.

3

Zabytkowa drewniana architektura mieszkalna wileńskiego Zwierzyńca

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Szałygin J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2010

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issue 1-4

215-244

EN

The cultural landscape of Vilnius cannot be fully presented without experiencing and describing Zwierzyniec District – a place which is unique from the point of view of wooden architecture lovers, with inimitable values deserving the highest recognition and promotion. In the general plan of Vilnius of 1848-1859, Zwierzyniec does not occur yet – it constituted then a private property situated beyond the city borders. Soon after it was included into the borders of Vilnius in 1901, a network of streets had been fully shaped, and most of the territory developed. In interwar period, the development was even extended, which also included a change in quality – as also brick houses were built. Before 1901, 14% of buildings came into being, 64% – before the World War I, 22% have been built since 1940. In 1938, only 20% of buildings in the district were of brick, the other were made of wood. After World War II, the district virtually remained unchanged – both the road layout as well as old buildings which create the familiar image of this cosy district maintained. The analysis of the process of shaping of this district allowed to confirm its harmonious development, using historical influences which formed over centuries and traditional lay of the land. The historical buildings still dominate – more than 60% of existing facilities are pre-war buildings. Preservation of authenticity of the district – its historical tissue, its plotting and authentic buildings becomes more and more urgent task in the face of proceeding changes and transformations, even if they are, fortunately, slow. Without protecting the most valuable elements of Zwierzyniec district, it would be impossible to retain the unique values of it for future generations.

4

Dziedzictwo drewnianej architektury w Polsce

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Szałygin J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2013

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issue 1-4

281-298

EN

Temples occupy a special place in the history of wooden architecture in Poland. Wooden manor houses are an inherent feature of our landscape, too. Wood was also used in the construction of public utility buildings, mostly taverns and village inns, often featuring interregional style characteristics. There is also a great variety of wooden structures used for industrial and craft purposes in rural areas. Other examples of wooden architecture can be found in built-up areas of small towns, typologically corresponding to the requirements of the historical delineation of land parcels, as well as in summer resorts and spas dating back from the turn of the 19th century. Wooden buildings and structures are of course the most abundant in the country. Buildings made of timber were prevalent in rural areas until the late fifties of the 20th century. Since early sixties, however, the number of wooden buildings has been decreasing steadily, which is mostly attributable to devastation and to a lesser extent to modernization trends. As a result, the traditional timber construction industry has completely disappeared in many regions of Poland. The small percentage that has survived serves as a proof of its architectural value, constituting a one-of-a-kind wooden architecture heritage on a European and even on a global scale. In fact, the most important Polish contribution to the history and evolution of global architecture is associated with wooden architecture. Preservation of historical monuments and sites in Poland has been approached with concern for centuries and has a long history and tradition. Since the second half of the 19th century, preservation of memorabilia and objects from the past, which provide historical insights into the previous epochs and events, has been regarded as a moral obligation, in accordance with the principle that the most important values should be passed down not only within the family, but also as items of national heritage. The preservation and care of historical monuments was regulated by legislative means soon after Poland regained its independence in order to ensure legal protection for specific objects of national heritage. Public administration bodies were also established to perform tasks associated with the preservation of historical sites and buildings. Due to the huge scale of destruction after the Second World War, preservation of historical monuments was practically reduced to conservation (reconstruction) activities in several chosen urban centres. The interest of the then decision makers did not extent to historical buildings and sites in most cities and villages – especially those in the so-called recovered territories or those representing manor architecture formerly belonging to “class enemies”, industrial architecture, parks, gardens and cemeteries. Wooden buildings and structures were at the highest risk of being destroyed. The transition from conservation interventions to conservation planning is said to have taken place in the mid-fifties of the 20th century. Unfortunately, preservation of historical monuments, including wooden buildings of historical value, was underfunded. Most appropriations were allocated for the most precious and unique buildings and structures. The number of wooden buildings of historical value which have been destroyed or fallen into disrepair since the war is very large. The two existing pieces of legislation: the Act on the protection of cultural heritage assets and the Act on the protection and care of historical monuments and sites have not been effective in preventing their disappearance from our landscape. The protection of the remnants of wooden architecture in our cultural landscape should be given more focus in today’s conservation activities (mostly in situ measures) to preserve the largest possible number of wooden structures in their original state, because it is this authenticity that makes them so precious. To this end, the local carpentry culture and the local wooden construction traditions must be revived if wooden structures of historical value are to be restored in a professional way by properly qualified carpenters and contractors. Conservation plans should take advantage of the revival of interest in wood as a construction material in the last two decades. More and more houses are being designed with wood as the principal construction material or one of construction materials, drawing on the tradition of century-old regional forms and restoring harmony and visual balance of our landscape. This means that the heritage of Polish wooden architecture will be continued in a new dimension and in a new space, revealing the beauty and plasticity of this material and its technical potential, often not fully appreciated or known.

5

Dziedzictwo kultury olęderskiej na Mazowszu

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Szałygin J.

MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne

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2011

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issue 7

125-137

PL

Kolonizacja holenderska zalewowych terenów nadrzecznych, zwana potocznie olęderską, pojawiła się na terenach polskich na początku XVI wieku. Napływ osadników spowodowany był z jednej strony prześladowaniami religijnymi i licznymi pogromami na tle religijnym członków sekt Nowochrzczeńców i Mennonitów, powstałych w dobie reformacji religijnej, z drugiej strony względami praktycznymi: koloniści reprezentowali wysoki poziom gospodarki i kultury osadniczej, przez co byli osadnikami wysoce pożądanymi. Dzięki wielowiekowemu doświadczeniu w walce z zalewem wody wyniesionemu z ojczyzny, potrafili oni drogą zakładania całego systemu rowów, tam i grobli, nawet całkiem nieużyteczne połacie, z pozoru nie nadające się do prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej, doprowadzić do stanu kwitnącej kultury. Gospodarka ich cechowała się znacznie większą wydajnością, nowoczesnością, lepszą organizacją pracy, niż gospodarka chłopów pańszczyźnianych. Mieli wiele zalet: potrafili gospodarować na terenach okresowo zalewanych przez rzeki, płacili właścicielom gruntu czynsz pieniężny, uważani byli za ludzi pracowitych i spokojnych. Prawo holenderskie, na którym lokowano wsie, było ze względu na kilkuletnie ulgi w płaceniu podatków oraz czynszową (pieniężną) formę rozliczania się z właścicielem gruntów za ich dzierżawę i wykorzystanie na tyle atrakcyjne, że osadzano na nim nie tylko Holendrów, ale również Niemców i Polaków. Na obszarze Mazowsza koloniści zasiedlili 193 wsie, przekształcając i adaptując na swoje potrzeby tradycyjny mazowiecki krajobraz, a zwłaszcza terenu położone wzdłuż koryta Wisły. Pozostałości ich kultury materialnej do chwili obecnej stanowią niewątpliwy fenomen i przykład udanej wzajemnej współpracy człowieka i natury w kształtowaniu oblicza terenów zalewowych.

EN

The Dutch immigration and settlement in riverside floodlands, commonly called olęder settlement, appeared in the Polish territories in the beginning of the 16th century. The immigration of settlers was, on the one hand, caused by religious persecutions and numerous massacres of members of the religious sects of Anababtists and Mennonites which were established in the times of the religious Reformation, and on the other, by practical considerations, as the settlers represented a high level of settlement economy and culture, which was why they were highly desired newcomers. Thanks to centuries long experience in fighting of floods in their own country, they knew how to convert areas seemingly useless for economy into economically thriving lands by way of building of a whole system of ditches, dams and causeways. Their economy was characteristic of a considerably better efficiency, modernity, better organization of work than the economy of serfs. They had a lot of virtues: they knew how to run farms in floodlands, they paid a pecuniary rent to the landlord and were considered to be hardworking and peaceful. The Dutch law, based on which the villages were established, was attractive because it provided for several-years long tax-relieves and a pecuniary rent paid to the landlord for the lease and use of land. Therefore, not only the Dutch but also Germans and Poles were settled under that law. In the area of Mazovia, the immigrants settled in 193 villages and transformed and adapted to their needs the traditional Mazovian landscape, especially the areas situated along the Vistula river channel. The remnants of their material culture still constitute an amazing phenomenon and an example of a successful co-operation of man and nature in shaping of the image of floodlands.

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DZIEDZICTWO POLSKICH HOLENDRÓW holland.org.pl

Rejestr i ewidencja zabytków nieruchomych oraz ruchomych w działaniach Narodowego Instytutu Dziedzictwa

Zabytkowa drewniana architektura mieszkalna wileńskiego Zwierzyńca

Dziedzictwo drewnianej architektury w Polsce

Dziedzictwo kultury olęderskiej na Mazowszu