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Od „Hiszpanii imperialnej” do „imperium europejskiego”. Fundamentalne koncepcje ideowo-polityczne hiszpańskich narodowych rewolucjonistów przełomu XX i XXI w. Część II. Nacjonaliści europejscy

100%
Karczewski K.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2013
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vol. 35
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issue 3
55 - 81
EN
The article presents the system of fundamental principles and ideas promulgated by contemporary Spanish national-and-revolutionary parties. These organizations, from an ideological standpoint, can be placed within a general European doctrinal movement which came into existence in the sixties of the 20th century, called tercerism, the Third Way, the Third Position or revolutionary Nationalism. Spanish national-and-revolutionary parties base their conceptions on an outlook affirming modernity (reason, science, progress) and consider ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome the source of European identity. From the perspective of the system of ideas we can divide these parties into two groups, the first one being in favor of Spanish Nationalism (Spanish nation as the highest value in the axiological system) and the second one advocating European Nationalism (the postulate of and the hope for the establishment of a new European nation and of a new European government). The article has been divided into two parts, respectively describing these ideological currents. In case of the parties supporting “European Nationalism” the system of ideas is based on the following pillars: Spanish peoples (regions) — Spain as the Fatherland — European nation. Spain is the necessary stage in building of a European nation and European Empire because the imperial idea was already implemented by the Spanish during the so-called Golden Age (in the 16th century) as the Spanish Monarchy. In the future the next form of the empire will be the European Empire as a nation-state, the creator and the depositary of which should exclusively be the European nation, integrating all peoples of Europe, not just Spain.
2

Od „Hiszpanii imperialnej” do „imperium europejskiego”. Fundamentalne koncepcje ideowo-polityczne hiszpańskich narodowych rewolucjonistów przełomu XX i XXI w. Część I. Nacjonaliści hiszpańscy

100%
Karczewski K.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
|
2013
|
vol. 35
|
issue 2
63 – 102
EN
The article presents the system of fundamental principles and ideas promulgated by contemporary Spanish national-and-revolutionary parties. These organizations, from an ideological standpoint, can be placed within a general European doctrinal movement, which came into existence during the sixties of the 20th century, called tercerism, the Third Way, the Third Position or revolutionary Nationalism. Spanish national-and-revolutionary parties base their conceptions on an outlook affirming modernity (reason, science, progress) and consider ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome the source of European identity. From the perspective of the system of ideas we can divide these parties into two groups, the first one being in favor of Spanish Nationalism (Spanish nation as the highest value in the axiological system) and the second one advocating European Nationalism (the postulate of and the hope for the establishment of the new European nation and of the new European government). The article has been divided into two parts, respectively describing these ideological currents. In case of the parties supporting “Spanish Nationalism” the system of ideas is based on two pillars: Spanish peoples (regions) and the Spanish nation. Spanish peoples, meaning traditional regions, are conceptualized as cultural and linguistic communities; their foundation is of a spiritual nature. In turn, the Spanish nation is understood as an organic whole, community of various and diverse Spanish peoples (regions), arising on the basis of shared blood in the historical process (the ethnic connection, in case of some organizations also a racial one), brought and kept together by tradition the essence of which is a feeling of a universal mission of integration, of “the project of the future” inherently encompassing the imperial idea.
3
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Jan Smuts w sporze między Easterners a Westerners (propozycja objęcia dowództwa frontu w Palestynie - maj 1917 roku)

100%
Karczewski K.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia
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2010
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vol. 65
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issue 2
141-157
EN
When in 1916 it became obvious that western front would be very hard to breach, British high authorities divided into two rival factions.Westernersrepresented by the generals were convinced that Germans could be beaten only on the Western front and operations on other fronts would be mere "sideshows".Easternersled by the Prime Minister Lloyd George opposed that point of view. They claimed that the enemy should be attacked in the weakest point, namely Turkey. Lloyd George wanted general Jan Smuts to lead the offensive in Palestine. The latter seemed to be the adequate person for the task. He came to England just two months earlier, but enjoyed high esteem owed to his successful campaign in East Africa and enthusiastically acclaimed speeches. He also wrote report where he has evaluated all of the fronts and upheld toEasternerarguments. When the proposition was made, Smuts spoke to someWesternerrepresentatives, like general Robertson, and learned from them, that no commander of Egyptian Expeditionary Forces could count on any reinforcements or supplies. Taking that into account, Smuts decided to turn down Prime Ministers offer. Fear of being stranded in Palestine as well as his ambitions to remain in England, the core of all events, comprised to his decision. Nevertheless Smuts managed to remain in good relations with both factions.
4
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Polski nacjonalizm w szerokiej perspektywie

100%
Karczewski K.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
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2015
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issue 46
EN
On Polish nationalism in wide perspectiveIn this book review of “Dylematy polskiego nacjonalizmu” by B. Grott the author argues that B. Grott based on an interdisciplinary comparative shows not only the shape of selected Polish nationalist political doctrines in the two factions: the Catholic faction that is characterized by traditionalism, and the modernizing faction, that is characterized by facing the challenges of modernity, but also shows the compounds between them and their values and practice of life of the nation and its historical success. Polski nacjonalizm w szerokiej perspektywieW niniejszej recenzji książki B. Grotta pt. Dylematy polskiego nacjonalizmu… autor przekonuje, iż B. Grott w oparciu o metodę interdyscyplinarną i porównawczą przedstawia nie tylko kształt wybranych polskich nacjonalistycznych doktryn politycznych w dwóch odłamach: w katolickim odłamie, o charakterze na wskroś tradycjonalistycznym i w modernizacyjnym odłamie, zwróconym frontem do wyzwań nowoczesności, ale także ukazuje związki pomiędzy nimi i lansowanymi tam wartościami a praktyką życia narodu i jego powodzenia dziejowego.
5
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Naród i nacjonalizm rosyjski w doktrynie eurazjatyzmu Aleksandra Dugina

100%
Karczewski K.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2014
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vol. 41
41-57
EN
In this article the author analyse the ideas of Russian nation and Russian nationalism in the Eurasian doctrine of Alexander Dugin and tries to situate the Eurasian nationalism among other nationalist doctrines, basing on classifications of Russian nationalism. The author concludes that this theorist propagates a vision of the Russian nation as a imperial, geopolitical and civilisational community, composed of Slavic and Turanian ethnic groups, cultures and religions, cemented by one civilization, an imperial idea, an eschatological, universal mission, affirming a superiority of the spiritual and geopolitical issues over the biological (blood, race). Therefore this is a type of so-called statocratic (state) nationalism, but with many features of a type of cultural nationalism. This nationalism can also be classified into group of nationalisms known as “empire-savers”.
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