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EN
In the paper the author is describing two perspectives of conceiving context. The first is represented by the objective state of affairs and the second by interlocutors’ mental states. The notion of common ground is discussed with focus on its subjective character. On the basis of that term a model of context is being constructed. According to observations made in the article, the common ground, as it is widely perceived in the literature, is a purely theoretical notion which corresponds to neither speaker’s nor audience’s point of view. Moreover, the author is arguing that both objectively and subjectively understood contexts are indispensable and both should be taken into consideration in the analysis of speech acts.
EN
The author analyzes the lexeme aluzja (‘allusion’) in the Polish language. Presenting its syntactical features on the background of some of its equivalents in other languages, he takes note of the limitations of collocations that are common to the lexeme in those languages. In the semantical analysis the author claims that two kinds of allusions can be distinguished. The first one plays only a referential role, directing the interlocutor’s attention towards a particular object (and it is very close to the English allusion) whereas the second one informs the receiver about something in an indirect way (as the English hint). Irrespective of how different the purposes of using allusions may be, it appears that aluzja implies the assumption shared by the speaker that the addressee has the knowledge and abilities indispensable for interpretation the allusion. The other assumption is also analyzed, namely: the speaker assumes that the real intention of his/her statement will be understood appropriately. However, aluzja fails to imply that it must be understood. It is possible that the addressee will either not perceive the statement as an indirect one, or notice an indirect character of the statement but will not relate it to the same object.
Język Polski
|
2020
|
vol. 100
|
issue 3
5-19
PL
W artykule poruszana jest kwestia własności zdań zawierających wykładniki kwantyfikacji ogólnej we frazie nominalnej podmiotowej i predykaty (zarówno ciągłe, jak i nieciągłe), którym towarzyszy leksem negujący nie. Autor wskazuje, że połączenia typu wszyscy nie, np. Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy, można interpretować jako zdania szczegółowo-przeczące, podobnie jak połączenia nie wszyscy. Na podstawie relacji, w jakie jednostki werbalne wchodzą z wykładnikami kwantyfikacji ogólnej, autor dzieli je na trzy typy, z których pierwszy łączy się z operatorami typu wszyscy i żaden, drugi tylko z żaden, a trzeci tylko z wszyscy.
EN
In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy (All didn’t add suger to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".
EN
The author discusses the problem of silence in communication. Different types of being silent are taken into consideration. It is pointed out that silence treated as a way of communication is a complex issue and many linguists trying to determine the nature of silence and its role in communication tend to describe the phenomenon in very vague, general statements, sometimes even limiting themselves to nothing but comments on sayings or famous quotations. The author tries to indicate which of those remarks are justified from a linguistic point of view. Moreover, the semantic and pragmatic features of the Polish lexemes MILCZENIE (silence), MILCZEĆ (to be silent) and some other notions that are relatively frequently coupled and sometimes, in fact, confused with the above mentioned lexemes, are examined.
EN
The author presents a pragmatic approach towards context issues and analyzes relations between context and different kinds of ambiguity. He deals with: deixis phenomenon, proper names, lexical and grammatical ambiguity, vagueness, illocutionary force and other types of entities that may be influenced by context. Furthermore, presuppositions and implicatures are examined from the contextual point of view and they are shown as either context-free or context-dependant phenomena.
EN
The article discusses the status of the string liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to spend money carefully, to count every penny’, lit. ‘to reckon with every penny’. The authors quote numerous instances from the Polish corpus, and claim that the formal and functional features of this expression indicate that its status is different from what can be gathered from dictionaries of Polish where it is treated as a variant of the multiword expression liczyć się z groszem. Opposing this claim, we indicate another meaning of the linguistic unit liczyć się z czymś, one not noted in dictionaries: ‘to dispose of something carefully’; accordingly, the strings liczyć się z groszem and liczyć się z każdym groszem are treated as instantiations of this unit.
EN
The article presents strategies in describing Our Lady in the 16th century text of sermon attributed to Jan of Szamotuły, commonly called Paterek. The description of Mother of God reveals the medieval views on aesthetic issues and shows the common way of thinking about the canons of beauty. The description is performed on the basis of both the theological truths and existing stereotypes. The rhetorical strength of the sermon is enhanced by appealing to religious authorities and to the Bible.
PL
Przedmiotem zainteresowania w niniejszym artykule jest status ciągu kole we współczesnej polszczyźnie. Tytułowy element jestskładnikiem m.in. frazeologizmów coś kłuje / kole kogoś w zęby, coś kłuje / kole kogoś w oczy. Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego (sgjp.pl) traktuje kole jako niefleksyjne. Celem analizy jest zweryfikowanie tego twierdzenia. Część pierwsza artykułu to rys historyczny, w drugiej rozważane są współczesne wystąpienia tekstowe i słownikowe opisy interesującego nas elementu. Analiza dowodzi, że kole nie da się traktować współcześnie jako elementu izolowanego. Autorzy artykułu postulują interpretowanie form o temacie kole / kol jako obocznych wobec kłuje / kłuj. Ani w systemie, ani w uzusie nie wykształcił się pełny wzorzec paradygmatu, nie można więc mówić o istnieniu odrębnego leksemu czasownikowego.
EN
The paper is devoted to the analysis of the string kole in contemporary Polish. Among other occurrences, the word is an element of the following phrases: coś kłuje / kole kogoś w zęby (‘sth isnot to sb’s taste’, lit. sth stings sb’s teeth), coś kłuje / kole kogoś w oczy (‘sth irritates sb’, lit.sth stings sb’s eyes). In the "Grammatical Dictionary of Polish Language" (sgjp.pl), kole is treated as non-inflected, isolated form that appears solely in the proverbial phrase prawda w oczy kole (‘the truth hurts’, lit. the truth stings eyes). Verification of this claim is the aim of the paper. In the first part of the article, historical outline of the analysed item is presented and in the second part, contemporary usages found in corpora and dictionaries are scrutinized. The analysis proves that there are more verbal forms based on the same stem as kole in contemporary Polish, in both phraseological and non-phraseological contexts. Thus, it should not be treated as an isolateditem. The authors suggest that forms of the type kole / kol should be treated as variants of the type kłuje / kłuj. Neither in the system of language, nor in the language usage, one can find sufficient evidence for a full paradigm alternative to contemporary prevailing type kłuje / kłuj, therefore one cannot assume existence of a distinct verbal lexeme.
EN
The authors discuss selected problems concerning the description of paradigms of verbal multi-word units. They indicate the relationship between the inflection of verbal multi-word units and their meaning, and the type of arguments that fill the place opened for a subject. A group of verbal multi-word units that demand as their subject non-personal nouns (marked by coś ‘something’), such as: coś dostaje nóg ‘something disappears’, coś robi bokami ‘something is panting’, coś zagląda komuś w oczy ‘something is staring somebody in the face’ are discussed. The semantic types of subjects and the grammatical possibilities of their realization are analysed and three main types of them are distinguished. The authors point out that both factors, the semantic and the grammatical, have influence on the inflectional properties of verbal multi-word units within the categories of person and gender.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie typów źródeł i sposobów ich wykorzystania przy opracowywaniu słownika paradygmatów frazeologizmów czasownikowych. Autorzy charakteryzują wykorzystywane źródła, omawiają użyteczność źródeł słownikowych i korpusowych (w zależności od etapu prac nad słownikiem) oraz ich ograniczenia. Szczególną uwagę poświęcają roli introspekcji w tworzeniu słownika gramatycznego.
EN
The article discusses types of language data sources and the ways they may be used in the compilation of a dictionary of paradigms of verbal phraseological units. The authors describe the sources they used and discuss the usefulness of lexicographic and corpus sources and their limitations. Special attention is paid to the role of introspection in the process of making a grammatical dictionary.
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