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1

The Concept of Independence of Central Bank on the Example of the National Bank of Poland

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Tarnacka A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
|
2019
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issue 2
51-55
EN
The need for independence of a central bank results from the fiduciary nature of modern money. Independence of the central bank is generally understood as depriving the executives of the influence on the bank's decisions, while depriving the legislative authority of the right to interfere in the pursued monetary policy. The most important areas of freedom are financial, functional and institutional independence. The results of independence studies of the National Bank of Poland (the NBP) quoted in the article show that the level of the NBP independence is high, often close to or equal to the maximum values for given measures. However, it should be noted that these studies relate to the formal (legal) independence of the NBP, and not the real one, because independence guaranteed by legal provisions does not necessarily correspond to the actual independence of the central bank. The legal regulations shape the conditions of actions of monetary authorities, while the final result of these actions depends on the individuals who perform them.
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Polski defensor civitatis i jego kompetencje ustawowe

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Tarnacka A.
Journal of Modern Science
|
2021
|
issue 1/46/2021
93-110
PL
Cel pracy: Celem podjętej analizy było przedstawienie instytucji Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich, podstaw prawych na których opiera się jego funkcjonowanie, środków jakimi dysponuje oraz zakresu działalności w oparciu o obowiązujące akty prawne. Materiał i metody: Przedmiot rozważań artykułu stanowią akty prawne, które są podstawą działalności Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich. Zastosowane w artykule metody naukowe, to metoda dogmatyczno-prawna oraz historyczno-prawna. Wyniki: Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich mając do czynienia z licznymi wnioskami obywateli dokonuje corocznej oceny stanu przestrzegania przez władze publiczne wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela przedkładając tę informację obu Izbom Parlamentu. Tym samym ma realny wpływ na ocenę stanu prawa w Polsce, a także na ocenę stopnia przestrzegania praw człowieka. Wnioski: Urząd Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich w polskim systemie organów państwa jest, jak wskazuje to Konstytucja instytucją niezależną i niezawisłą, a na co wskazuje również praktyka, bez wątpienia należy on do grona jednego z najbardziej aktywnych niesądowych organów ochrony prawnej.
3

Criminology versus criminal law - selected theoretical and practical aspect.

100%
Tarnacka A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
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2020
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issue 3
37-44
XX
Criminology and criminal law are two separate scientific disciplines which are mutually helpful for each other. Criminology is a practical discipline whose most important scientific method is empirical method relying solely on the statement of facts which makes it neutral from judgements and assessments. Criminal law, in turn, belongs to the category of normative sciences where the fundamental method is the legal-dogmatic method. The law is based assessment because the values adopted by law are the foundations on which moral and public order are built. As criminology and criminal law possess common research areas, criminology can serve as an auxiliary discipline for criminal law and was treated as such already at the dawn of its existence in the 19th century when it was believed that empirical sciences were to reform and improve social reality. Criminology derives from criminal law legal definitions pertaining to types of crimes and referring to their legal shape, whereas the legislation of criminal law which is grounded in reality and evolution judicature both require knowledge of criminology. Outcomes of criminological research are used for the purposes of criminal law which creates a bond between these two disciplines and this bond which supports their mutual co-existence.
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