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SYLOGISTYKA Z TERMINAMI NEGATYWNYMI W SEMANTYCZNIE PRZEJRZYSTYM SFORMUDOWANIU

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Wojciechowski E.
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 1
53-70
EN
The paper refers to the classic works of Polish authors (Dukasiewicz, SleszyWski, Zawirski) and comprises the idea of proof by ecthesis (originally formulated by Borkowski) with the use of list notation to show that the five diagrams by Euler, which provide a starting point for SleszyWski’s analysis, adequately formulate the system of syllogistic with negative terms (Iwanu` and Wedberg’s axiomatization).
PL
W artykule nawiązuje się do klasycznych prac polskich autorów (Łukasiewicz, Sleszyński, Zawirski), uwzględniając ideę dowodu przez ecthesis, sformułowanej oryginalnie przez Borkowskiego, z wykorzystaniem notacji listowej, by pokazać, że pięć diagramów Eulera, które są punktem wyjścia analizy Sleszyńskiego ujmuje adekwatnie system sylogistyki z terminami negatywnymi (aksjomatyka Wedberga-Iwanusia).
2
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Sylogistyka Venna i pewna konwencja notacyjna

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Wojciechowski E.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 1
117-138
PL
John Venn w Formal Logic (1881) zbudował pewien system sylogistyki, będący jedną z realizacji idei kwantyfikacji orzeczników. Interesującą rekonstrukcję tego systemu zaproponował V.I. Markin (2011). Markin posługuje się pięcioma funktorami pierwotnymi {aa,ai,ia,ii,e}. Wyrażenia elementarne SaaP,SaiP,SiaP,SiiP oraz SeP są czytane odpowiednio: wszelkie S są wszelkimi P, wszelkie S są pewnymi P, pewne S są wszelkimi P, pewne S są pewnymi P oraz żadne S nie są P. Markin podaje aksjomatykę dla tego systemu. Proponuje też reguły translacji jego formuł na język sylogistyki klasycznej, o aksjomatyce Łukasiewicza {SaS, SiS, MaP˄SaM ɛ SaP, MaP ˄ MiS ɛ SiP}oraz reguły translacji odwrotnej. To sformułowanie sylogistyki Venna można uprościć przez przyjęcie konwencji notacyjnej: SP / SPPS SPPS / SP dla ,{a,&}. Proponowana jest nowa aksjomatyka dla sylogistyki Venna z mocnym rozumieniem zdań szczegółowo-twierdzących (S3P). Badane są związki logiczne między sylogistyką Venna (SV) i systemem Łukasiewicza (SL). Zostaje sformułowany system (SI) z mocnym rozumieniem zdań szczegółowo-twierdzących. Podany jest dowód, że systemy SI i SL są równoważne.
EN
John Venn in his Formal Logic (1881) constructed a certain system of syllogistic, which is one of implementations of the idea of the quantification of predicates. An interesting reconstruction of this system was proposed by V.I. Markin (2011). Markin makes use of five primary functors {aa, ai, ia, ii, e}. The elementary expressions SaaP, SaiP, SiaP, SiiP and SeP are respectively read as: all S is all P, all S is some P, some S is all P, some S is some P and no S is any P. Markin gives the axiom system for the system. He also proposes the rules of translation of its formulas into the language of classical syllogistic of Łukasiewicz’s axiom system {SaS, SiS, MaPSaM SaP, MaPMiS SiP} and the rules of reverse translation. This formulation of Venn’s syllogistic can be simplified, including the strong understanding of particular-affirmative sentences (S P) and by adopting the following notational convention: SP / SPPS SPPS / SP for ,{a,&}. A new axiom system for Venn’s syllogistic is proposed here. The logical relations between Venn’s sylogistic (SV) and the Łukasiewicz’s system (SL) are examined. A system (SI) has been formulated with a strong understanding of particular affirmative sentences. The proof that systems SI and SL are equivalent is given.
3
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SŁABA ASERCJA

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Wojciechowski E.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 1
87-103
EN
The paper contains references to a logical construction with two types of negation: an external (~) and internal (¬) one, where the substitution of the dichotomous law of excluded middle (with the αV~α schema) by the trichotomy (α V¬α V±α) is proposed. With reference to an object belonging to a given universe and a given set of predicates some of them apply to it, whereas others do not. There can also exist such predicates which cannot be sensibly said to apply to it – they are indeterminate to it. What is proposed here is transferring these distinctions to a sentence calculus and devising a construction with a functor of weak assertion (+) as its primitive functor. This functor together with the functor of external negation allow an additional interpretation of the sentences falling into the third category described above (indirectness) whenever there is a need to express sentences referring to indirect states between the positive state and its negative counterpart.
4
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ONTOLOGIA ELEMENTARNA I KLASYCZNY RACHUNEK RELACJI

100%
Wojciechowski E.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 2
27-38
EN
The notion of relation is one of the most important concepts present in our language. This study propose some extension of elementary ontology (OE) for relational variables and defining in his framework the concepts of the classical calculus of relations. Such enriched elementary ontology (OER) is a better tool for the analysis of natural language. It is shown that syllogistic with the negative terms enriched by so called oblique syllogisms (SNU with the axioms C1–C5) is a fragment of OER system (Theorem 1). The OER system is enriched next with individual variables (a,b,c) and by assuming the individual term referentiality (axiom A2) we obtain OER* system. The Proof that the classical calculus of relations (KRR) is a part of the system OER* (Theorem 2) is given.
5
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FUNKTORY ASERCJI I KONIUNKCJI SEKWENCYJNEJ

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Wojciechowski E.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 2
109-124
EN
An axiomatic characterisation of the functor of sequential assertion is propsed here. By means of it the functor of sequential conjunction is defined. In the temporal interpretation these functors are respectively read as: next/then and and-next/and-then. It is proved that the proposed system (SAS) and its strenghtening (SAS*) comprise respectively von Wright’s And Next and And Then systems. The consistency and independence of axioms of the richer of the two proposed structures (SAS*) is settled by interpretation in the quadrivalent propositional calculus.
6
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IDENTYCZNOŚĆ, PEWNE ZAIMKI FUNKTOROWE I DESKRYPCJE

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Wojciechowski E.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 3
125-141
EN
From the logical point of view, the most interesting among the pronouns are demonstrative pronouns (especially: this/that), indefinite pronouns (a/an), definite pronoun (the) and quantifying pronouns (every, all, some). Unlike personal pronouns (e.g. I/you/he) they are in fact functors (of the n/n category). The differentiation between personal pronouns (n) and functor pronouns (n/n) is vital here. This differentiation does not exist in traditional grammar. The study is limited to determining functor pronouns with the use of logical properties of quantifying expressions, which are functor pronouns themselves – all (n) and some (cr) – formally expressed in the quantifier-less calculus of names (BRN). The calculus is properly enriched with demonstrative pronouns (demonstrativa), in connection to certain studies by Toshiharu Waragai (LID). An attempt to employ this system (BRND) in the analysis of some fragments of Ockham’s Summa Logicae is shown here. The work is concluded with the analysis of a functor pronoun the only (t), being a special case of a definite pronoun, which is characterised here by means of rules. The work reveals the connection between this pronoun and the operator of definite descriptions (marked in the same way) in relation to a certain Ludwik Borkowski’s conception.
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Systemy pomiaru wyników działalności organizacji publicznych – praktyka samorządów europejskich i amerykańskich

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Wojciechowski E., Podgórniak-Krzykacz A.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
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2013
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issue 1(61)
57-72
EN
Performance measurement in public organisations became widespread after the introduction of New Public Management, with its focus on the effects of public activities. Managing by results started to be used by many countries’ local government units, which began – either on their own initiative or within the framework of national systems – to define, measure and compare the efficiency of public services. European and American experiences as regards measuring the results of their activity, including the quality of public services, are plentiful and varied. This paper presents the nature of performance measurement systems at the local level functioning in a few selected European and American countries (Great Britain, France, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Germany, U.S. and Canada). The purpose of the paper is to identify the Polish experience in measuring local government performance against the background of foreign concepts.
8
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Pomiar jakości rządzenia

63%
Wojciechowski E., Podgórniak-Krzykacz A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2008
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vol. 222
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issue 3
19-38
EN
The paper describes and compares selected methods for measuring the quality of governance and the effectiveness of public administration. These methods are used by international institutions such as the World Bank, the European Central Bank, the International Institute for Management Development, and the World Economic Forum. The analysis is based on reports published by these organizations and takes into account the key criteria of governance process evaluation and types of statistical data used. All these institutions measure governance quality from different angles. The World Bank and the International Institute for Management Development focus on measuring the effectiveness and efficacy of governance processes. The European Central Bank evaluates the quality of public administration, while the World Economic Forum measures the efficiency of public institutions. The paper offers a comparative analysis of all these methods, using Person’s correlation coefficients and a grading procedure. Despite different criteria used similar governance quality indicators were obtained. The indexes given by the authors have diagnostic and informative value and offer a comprehensive picture of governance quality.
9
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Private and civic organisations as providers of public services in municipalities

51%
Wojciechowski E., Podgórniak-Krzykacz A., Chądzyńsk J.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
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2018
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issue 3(73)
27-49
EN
The following article presents the results of a study investigating employment of private and non-governmental organisations in Polish municipalities as providers of versatile public services and the resulting nature of the relationship among the latter. The passing of legislation that requires or allows delivering public services through non-public entities triggered the development of a contract culture in municipalities. The resultant relationship may be either of a competitive (mainly technical services market) or cooperative (social services) nature. The research findings support the hypothesis that larger municipalities have better developed processes of contracting public services.
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