The aim of the article is to interpret poems concerning Don Quixote written by contemporary Russian poets, like Iosif Brodsky, Alexander Kushner, Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky, Robert Rozhdestvensky, David Samoilov and many others, with the view to showing how the Spanish literary figure transforms in the receiving culture into an (indigenized) philosophical category. The author sets out to identify the main semantic constants of the Russian Don Quixote, to show an evolution of the hero in the oeuvre of particular poets (Pavel Antokolsky and Zinovy Valshonok) and to indicate the relationship between the image of Don Quixote and the lyrical subject. She also examines the relationship between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza and, finally, explains political connotations of the figure of Don Quixote in the poems by Margarita Aliger and Yevgeny Dolmatovsky.
Точкой отсчета для наших рассуждении стал труд "Перформансы насилия" Марка Липо- вецкого и Биргит Боймерс. В книге рассматриваются проявления коммуникативного насилия, являющегося результатом кризиса идентичности постсоветского поколения. В статье анализу подвергаются три новодрамовские пьесы русских драматургов: Ксении Драгунской, братьев Пресняковых и Фарида Нагима. В своих пьесах авторы сосредоточились на динамических изменениях в области общественной жизни в постсоветской действительности, одним из ко- торых является кризис идентичности, нашедший свое отражение в жестах коммуникативного насилия.
EN
The starting point for the analyses has been Mark Lipovetsky and Birgit Beumers’ study „Performing Violence”, which investigates the violent portrayal of the identity crisis of a generation in 21st-century Russian theatrical works. In the present paper, three dramas by contemporary Russian playwrights – Ksenia Dragunskaya, the Presnyakov brothers and Farid Nagim – are analyzed. In their plays they concentrate on the dynamic changes taking place in the sphere of public life in the post-Soviet country. A dominant feature of their plays is the deep crisis of identity of the post-Soviet society which manifests itself in acts of communicative violence.
W artykule rozważana jest możliwość ustanowienia na gruncie literaturoznawstwa rosyjskiego, poprzez analogię do tekstu petersburskiego, tekstu donżuanowskiego literatury rosyjskiej. W tym celu ustanowiony został zespół cech wspólnych dla utworów odwołujących się do postaci Don Juana. Jednym z dowodów istnienia tekstu donżuanowskiego jest krąg tekstów odwołujących się do modelu słynnego uwodziciela i prześmiewcy. Innymi wyznacznikami są obecność osnowy mitycznej, związek ze sferą ‘sacrum’ i ‘profanum’, obecność konstant w zachowaniu Don Juana, zbliżony sposób językowego kodowania i inne.
EN
The author of the paper considers the possibility of creating in the Russian theory of literature, by way of analogy to the ‘Petersburg text,’, the ‘Don-Juan text’ of Russian literature. To this purpose, a complex of permanent futures shared by literary works that refer to Don Juan are described. The existence of a ‘Don-Juan text’ is evidenced by a group of literary works that employ the archetype of the famous seducer. Other indicators are: the presence of mythological structure, connection with the spheres of the sacred and the profane, constants in Don Juan’s behaviour, specific vocabulary, classifying the most recurrent words and phrases according to their semantics and function in the text.
Social enterprises follow fi nancially sustainable strategies to achieve their social goals and to solve a wide range of social problems. Our main research questions aim at discovering diff erences in the structure of capital and revenue of social enterprises in diff erent sectors and their having diff erent legal forms. We analyse the fi nancial statements of Polish social enterprises and capture relations between legal forms, domains of activities and their fi nancial structure. We fi nd that there are signifi cant diff erences in revenue, equity and debt structures. Furthermore, we fi nd that the capital structure of social enterprises is highly dependent on the environment and conditions under which they are active.
PL
Obecnie przedsiębiorstwa społeczne decydują się na wybor strategii, ktore zapewniają im stabilizację w realizowaniu ich misji społecznej. W niniejszym artykule zbadano wpływ struktury fi nansowej, formy prawnej oraz obszaru działalności na kształtowanie się struktury kapitału oraz struktury przychodow. Analizie zostały poddane sprawozdania fi nansowe polskich przedsiębiorstw społecznych, z uwzględnieniem wspomnianych czynnikow. Otrzymane wyniki pozwalają wnioskować o istnieniu istotnych rożnic w strukturze przychodow, strukturze pasywow oraz strukturze kapitału pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami społecznymi w Polsce. Ponadto wskazują one na silny wpływ na strukturę kapitału zarowno środowiska, jak i czynnikow generowanych przez sektor, w ktorym prowadzona jest działalność.
This article presents the life, career and works of Franz von Zeiller, who is considered one of the most influential Austrian lawyers. The authors attempt to present his activities in various fields: as an academic teacher, an author of scientific projects, a science promoter, a legal practitioner and, above all, as a legislator. After Martini’s death, Franz von Zeiller took over his work and completed the legal codification for the entire Austrian Empire, which at that time had been produced for quite a long time. To his credit, Franz Zeiller pushed through the universal character of the Austrian codification as a basic set of the civil law rules in the German-speaking countries of the Habsburg monarchy. The authors of this article present the scientific profile of Franz Zeiller primarily in the field of private law, without omitting his activities in the area of criminal law.
In the text, the vita of the French lawyer, François Gény, is presented. First, the authors present the course of the long and fruitful career, both scientific and professional, of François Gény. In the further part of the text, the main trends in the legal activity of François Gény are discussed. The longest part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of scientific views expressed in the literature of François Gény, and his influence upon legal sciences in the world. The final part of the considerations is devoted to the connections between François Gény and Polish legal sciences, in particular the Warsaw scientific centre.
The subject matter addressed in the article concerns the life and the work of Karl Anton von Martini, outstanding lawyer and philosopher of law – professor of Roman and natural law – and also reformer and statesman. His most important work, the crowning achievement of a long and successful career, is most certainly Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für Westgalizien, the first comprehensive codification of private law in Europe. The legal solutions contained in the West Galician code served as the basis for the 1811 publication of the ABGB. The article demonstrates that, for Martini, codification based on the law of nature was a sine qua non condition for the proper functioning of the monarchy. It was his hope that this would help in merging a multinational empire into one uniform organism, whose residents will be the subjects of regulations with their source in a higher, pre-legal order, equal for all people. This, in turn, was supposed to strengthen the state in the international arena.
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