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Dzwony kościelne utracone w czasie II wojny światowej z terenu diecezji kieleckiej. Przyczynek do zagadnienia

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Karkocha M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 2

EN

The aims of the article is to discuss the losses sustained by the Diocese of Kielce in relation to the sacral bells during the Second World War. This issue was not so far discussed in detail in historical literature. On the basis of available sources (materials stored in the Archive of the Diocese in Kielce) it should be noted, that during the last war the diocese of Kielce lost more than 160 church bells because of the German military requisition and at least a few as a result of the warfare. The highest intensity of the action of confiscation bells by the Nazis were recorded in 1941–1942, after that time it took place only very occasionally. Among the confiscated bells were 43 antique ones, cast before 1900. The most historical bells, as many as five, lost the Parish of Gnojno. The oldest bell, looted by the Germans from the Church dedicated to the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Książ Mały, was cast in 1500. The most of the bells made before 1900 was the work of unknown artists. Only a few of them bear the signature of the craftsman. Bells funded in the interwar period came mostly from the three Polish foundries, that is factories of Felczyński Brothers in Kalush (Kałusz) and Przemyśl, workshop of Karl Gustav Schwabe in Biała near Bielsko and the „Bells Foundry Francis Lott, Michael Dziarski and Company” („Odlewnia Dzwonów Franciszek Lott, Michał Dziarski i Spółka”), located in Pustelnik near Warsaw.

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Jacek Pielas, Podziały majątkowe szlachty koronnej w XVII wieku, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, Kielce 2013, ss. 401

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Anusik Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 2

3

Partia Konstytucyjno-Demokratyczna wobec wybuchu I wojny światowej

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Wiśniewski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 2

4

Sprawozdanie ze spotkania z prof. dr hab. Alicją Szymczak, Łódź, 24 listopada 2014 r.

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Karkocha M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 2

5

Ludność parafii Rembieszyce po II wojnie światowej w świetle ksiąg metrykalnych

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Karkocha M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2014

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vol. 92

EN

The article aims to discuss the most important demographic phenomena occurring in the Roman Catholic Parish of Rembieszyce after World War II, in the years 1945–2012. The basic sources for the Author were the parish registers of births, marriages and deaths, stored in the Archive of the Rembieszyce Parish. It was studied the collection of 2490 metrics of baptisms, 997 metrics of weddings, and 1272 metrics of funerals, making a total amount of 4759 metrical acts. The Author had identified three key issues, i.e. births, marriages and deaths. Each of these problems has been characterized mainly by specifying the level of the phenomenon and its seasonality. In addition, with respect to the births, it was discussed the structure of births by localities, multiple births, the popularity of male and female names, as well as habits of giving the names and choice the godparents. The image of weddings also consists: the structure of the prospective spouses by age, marital status and territorial mobility of newlyweds. By contrast, analysis of deaths and funerals was complemented by the structure of deceased persons by sex and age, the life expectancy for men and women, the causes of death, and the issue of the last sacraments. At the end of the article was presented the natural growth and loss of the population of the Rembieszyce Parish.

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Rewizja daty nadania niepełnego prawa miejskiego Orli

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Sierba M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2014

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vol. 92

DE

Der Artikel handelt von der Frage des Datums, laut dem Orla Stadtrechte von Christoph II. Radziwiłł in der Woiwodschaft Podlachien erhielt. Der Autor stellt als eine Einführung die Geschichte der Orleaner Güter ab Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts bis zum 20er Jahre des 17. Jahrhundert dar. Dann kommt er zur Besprechung der Ansicht, dass Orla angeblich das unvollständige Magdeburger Recht im Jahre 1618 oder 1634 bekommen hat. Die bisherige Literatur (von Werken aus der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhundert bis zu Publikationen aus dem 21. Jahrhundert), in der diese Daten erscheinen, wird auch erwähnt. Der nächste Punkt des Artikels erklärt, aus welchem Grund das falsche Datum 1618 gebraucht wird. Anschließend wird aufgrund des ursprünglichen Lokationsakts das richtige Datum der Verleihung des Staatrechts Orla – 6. Januar 1614 – genannt. Um diese These zu bestätigen, zitiert der Autor Fragmente des Inventars der Orleaner Güter und zwei Briefen aus den Jahren 1616–1617 von Orleaner Starost Maciej Berzeński geschrieben, in denen Orla als eine Stadt bezeichnet wird.

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Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej pt. „Legiony Polskie w okresie Wielkiej Wojny”, Łódź, 22 października 2014 r.

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Kowalczyk A., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 2

8

Angielski handel zewnętrzny (i kolonialny) w latach 1715–1740. Amerykanizacja rynku pozauropejskiego

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Robak P., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 2

EN

The article is focused on the presentation of the main directions of a growth of English foreign (and colonial) trade in the peacetime period in the international relationals in the Atlantic sphere between 1715–1740. The English overseas statistics (especially based on the collected data by E.B. Schumpeter) have indicated that in the described period was the continuance of a growth of English foreign trade (so called in a historical literature „trade revolution”) which had the beginning in the second half of the XVIIth century. The trade was marked by a superiority of the traditional European markets (especially in the Northern Atlantic countries) with a positive balance but much more dynamic was the growth of English Extraeuropean trade (essentially the colonial trade) in so called the Atlantic sphere of English economy. The main role in the latter played the American market (from Canada to some Carraibean Isles) with some share of the Iberoamerican markets. The part of Atlantic English trade dominated the whole English Extraeuropean trade (so called by some historians the Americanisation of English trade). The latter, however, was an unprofitable with some exception of the Western African trade but thanks to the steady increase of the role of overseas imports (especially many colonial products) in the English European re-eksport the whole English foreign trade had a regular positive balance in the described period. The Americanisation of English Extraeuropaen trade made the main level of British-French colonial rivalry (with an important share of Spanish colonies in the both Americas) in the first half of the XVIIIth century. The rivalry brought to an end the peacetime period in the Atlantic sphere when the breaking out of British-Spanish colonial war united a farther growth of English foreign trade with the war of Empire (1739–1740).

9

Korespondencja Stanisława Augusta z konsyliarzem Rady Nieustającej Antonim Dziekońskim w latach 1779–1784

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Kobierecki M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 2

EN

The article discusses the correspondence between King Stanisław August and Antoni Dziekoński in the years 1779–1784. The monarch’s employee and correspondent embarked on his career in Lithuania, where he held district offices in the Wołkowyski District, followed by military offices; he also served as a Member of Parliament in 1766. As a Lithuanian Field Guard, he became a member of the Permanent Council in 1775 and acted in it until the year of 1786. At that time he became a staff member in Stanisław August's cabinet, implementing the assignments he had been given. The correspondence between the monarch and A. Dziekoński contains a plethora of compelling subjects, which concern various matters. They involve the question of personal policy within the royalist party in Lithuania regarding district offices or posts. It also refers to A. Dziekoński’s endeavours to be appointed to the Lithuanian Court Chamberlain office. A weighty matter was the preparations of the town of Grodno to hold a seym in 1784. Furthermore, he managed the royal estate in Lithuania, after it had been relinquished by Antoni Tyzenhauz, the then Lithuanian Court Chamberlain. Occasionally he attempted to offer assistance to persons who had come into conflict with the law, not necessarily of their own accord. Undoubtedly he played a significant role in the contacts between king Stanisław August and the supplicants, on the one hand as an intermediary, to whom requests were submitted, on the other hand he executed the monarch’s orders. He was occupied both with serious matters concerning the activity of the royalist party in Lithuania and trivial ones, such as keeping the kennel which had been presented to king Stanisław August. Furthermore, the content of the letters reveals the attitudes and relations between the ruler and his loyal servant fulfilling the royal orders, which enables the researcher to analyse the atmosphere between the two correspondents.

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Witold Filipczak, Życie sejmikowe prowincji wielkopolskiej w latach 1780–1786, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2012, ss. 674

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Anusik Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 1

11

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej pt. Łódź w drodze do niepodległości, Łódź, 18 października 2013 r.

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Kowalczyk A., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 2

12

Monarchistyczny zamach stanu Gustawa III z 19 sierpnia 1772 r. Geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje

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Anusik Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 1

EN

Great political changes took place in Sweden after the death of Charles XII in 1718. In the years 1719–1723 a political system in which the authority of the King was significantly reduced had been developed. In such a system the key role was played by the Swedish Parliament, Riksdag, which consisted of four Chambers of the State, namely Noble, Bourgeois, Clergy and Peasant one. At that time the most important institution in the country had become the Secret Committee of Riksdag that between meetings of Riksdag controlled all state authorities. In the thirties of the 18th century on the Swedish political scene appeared two parties called „hats” and „caps” which competed for voters and authority in the country. All those political changes took place when Sweden lost its international position and importance. Instead of being a major player it became the subject of political games. Its neighbors had made arrangements ensuring the constancy of the political system introduced in the years 1719–1723. What is more, famous corruption of Swedish parliamentarians facilitated foreign interference in the internal affairs of the state. Almost from the beginning the party of „hats” cooperated with France while „caps” wanted to collaborate with Russia. Initially, the French court gave support to the party of „hats”. However, in the second half of the sixties of the 18th century Versailles decided to strengthen the position of the King in the Swedish political system. At the same time a heir to the throne, Prince Gustav, became a leader of the anti-constitutional opposition. In 1771 he took the throne of Sweden as Gustav III. Initially he tried to act according to the constitution. However, the inability to work out a common position with two parliamentary parties led him to develop a plan of a coup d’état. With the help of a few trusted advisors the king prepared a complex project which was to stir up a rebellion against the government in Finland and southern Sweden and then direct loyal to the king troops to Stockholm. However, the plan failed. In the decisive moment Gustav III was left without advisors and the army. Fortunately, he did not lose his presence of mind. On 19th August 1772 with the help of his own guards Gustav III held a bloodless coup d’état and took control over all main points of the capital. The most important members of the government were imprisoned. With all the power in his hands the King did not decide, however, to restore the system of absolute rule. On 21st August 1772 he proposed to his subjects a new constitution which provided for the harmonious cooperation between the King and Riksdag. From the political stage of the country disappeared parties of „hats” and „caps” and the position of the ruler was greatly enhanced. The bloodless coup d’état from 19th August 1772 completed in the history of Sweden the ‘Age of Liberty’. Former historiography generally accepted almost unreservedly the point of view of monarchist propaganda of Gustav III. ‘The era of political parties’ was condemned as a dark period in the history of Sweden. It exposed corruption, anarchy and the interference of the foreign powers in the internal affairs of the country. According to many prominent Swedish historians thanks to his coup d’état, Gustav III saved Sweden from dividing the fate of the Polish Republic, namely from losing the independence and being partitioned between Russia and Denmark. An attempt to rehabilitate the ‘Age of Liberty’ made only the representatives of liberal and democratic mainstream of Swedish historiography. Recognizing all the positive developments occurring in the history of Sweden in the presented era, it should be noted that the fierce rivalry between the warring political parties led to serious distortions of the system and in fact resulted in the disintegration of the Swedish state institutions. On this era one must therefore look as objectively as possible. Extreme views should be rejected and one must consider both positive and negative effects of the party government in Sweden. It is to be stated that this period was a very important experiment in the history of this state and nation. However, regardless of any subsequent evaluations of the ‘Age of Liberty’, one fact remains indisputable: in 1772 the vast majority of the Swedish population did not regret the overthrown political system.

13

Ludność zależna w sandomierskich dobrach książąt Zasławskich w 1629 roku

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Anusik Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 2

EN

The main aim of the article was to find out whether tax registers from 1629 may be used in statistical and demographic research. The article was also to answer the question what is a number and structure of the dependent population that is recorded in mentioned tax registers in various estates. Studies took a form of a survey and included only a small part of the tax registers of Pilzno and Sandomierz counties. A detailed analysis was carried out for records on landed estates belonging to the family of princes Zasławski. The choice was made on purpose as Zasławski family had the largest properties in both above mentioned counties. Members of this family were also the biggest landowners in Sandomierz voivodeship as well as in the entire Crown. In 1629 the owner of landed estates of princes Zasławski in Sandomierz voivodeship, juvenile entailer of Ostróg – Władysław Dominik prince Zasławski, owned the largest hereditary landed estate in county of Pilzno. His estates included: half of Tarnów city, half of its four suburbs, 34 villages and 4 parts of villages. In those estates there were farmed 290,424 lans of land and total taxes amounted to 1893 florins and 12 dinars. Such a sum accounted for 12,08% of total taxes from Pilzno county and 16,99% of taxes obtained from estates owned by the local nobility. In the neighboring Sandomierz county landed estates of princes Zasławski owned by young entailer of Ostróg included: 4 towns, 44 villages and 3 parts of villages. There were farmed 198,385 lans of land there and total taxes amounted to a significant amount of 2188 florins and 24 groszy. It accounted for 9,95% of total taxes from Sandomierz county and 20,94% of the tax paid by the local nobility. Therefore, according to the data from both analyzed records, in 1629 landed estates of princes Zasławski in Sandomierz voivodeship included: 4½ of the city, half of 4 suburbs, 78 villages and 7 parts of villages. In those estates there were farmed 488,793 lans of land from which taxes amounted to 4081 florins 24 groszy and 12 dinars. However, it should be noticed that properties in Sandomierz voivodeship were only a part of all landed estates owned by princes Zasławski. At that time their enormous latifundium consisted of 50 cities and about 750 villages. In the entire Commonwealth no other magnate family of that time owned so extensive properties. After calculations it was found out that in landed estates of Władysław Dominik prince Zasławski located in Pilzno county in 1629 lived 8895 people. Rural population (8040 people) accounted for 90,39% of the studied population while in cities lived 855 people, that is approximately 9,61% of all residents of estates. In his estates lying in Sandomierz county lived 8042 people. Rural population (4174 people) accounted for 51,9% of the studied population while in cities lived about 3868 people, thus 48,1% of all residents of these properties. In 1629 in villages owned by Władysław Dominik prince Zasławski there were living 5214 peasants whit their families, 1723 smallholders, 4125 landless peasants and 1152 people engaged in production, trade or services. This population accounted for a total of 12 214 people. Of all inhabitants of villages peasants constituted 42,69%, smallholders 14,11% and landless peasants 33,77%. It is worth underlying that a significant proportion (9,43%) of rural population were persons engaged in production, trade or services. The analyzed tax registers gave also interesting information concerning cities owned by entailer of Ostróg. It can be concluded that in 1629 in those cities lived 1539 people obliged to pay taxes. In this group landless peasants accounted for 7,99%, craftsmen – 78,17% and people engaged in trade – 8,38% of the population. What is more, families of people providing various services amounted to 4,87% of urban population. Rogues (hultaje) and people from the margins of society amounted to 0,59% of the tax payers. In cities belonging to princes Zasławski lived also 3184 people for whom there are no records to establish the area of their livelihood. Therefore, urban population in Sandomierz county’s landed estates of entailer of Ostróg amounted to 4723 people. Residents paying taxes who were stated in the registers accounted for little more than 32,58% of the population. Thus in 1629 total estimated population living in princes Zasławski landed estates in the Sandomierz voivodeship amounted to 16 937 people (12 214 inhabitants of villages and 4723 residents of cities). Therefore, rural and urban population accounted for 72,11%, and 27,89% of the studied population, respectively. It is believed that this estimation reflects the reality (although estimates may be too low). Thanks to the results obtained in the study one may conclude that conscript records are important and in many cases even irreplaceable source of information that may be used in various statistical studies.

14

Parafia Rembieszyce w latach 1800–1945. Wybrane zagadnienia

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Karkocha M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 1

EN

The Parish of St. Peter and Paul in Rembieszyce is located in the province of Kielce, in the commune of Małogoszcz. It was founded in 1438 with the efforts of Odrowąż family, the owners Rembieszyce and surrounding villages. From its inception until today, it was composed of four settlements: Rembieszyce, Karsznice, Mieronice and Wola Tesserowa. The present article discusses the history of the parish Rembieszyce in the years 1800–1945, taking into account such issues as the place of the parish in the church administrative structure, its emoluments, priests and church service, and finally the population of the parish. The basic sources for the research are primarily materials stored in the Archives of the Diocese of Kielce, such as lists of the presbytery funds, inventories fundi instructi, statistical lists concerning the parish, reports, and documents prepared for the sake of the parish representatives pastoral visit to the dean, and reports prepared by those in charge of the parish before visiting the parish by representatives of the diocese. The author has also used documents from the archive of the Parish of Rembieszyce (the parish records registering births and deaths and the parish chronicle). Among the printed sources, one should mention the diocesan directories published regularly in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Other documents, such as correspondence, complement the present study. Analysis of the source material leads to some interesting conclusions. First and foremost, the parish of Rembieszyce in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century was one of the smallest and poorest parishes in the diocese. Low emoluments incumbency in Rembieszyce often caused difficulties in its manning. Suffice it to say that over the nearly 150 years the parish had as many as 25 priests with the title administrator and only one proboszcz, i.e. vicar. Twice it was vacant for lack of candidates willing to take over its management. Throughout the period under research on can observe a small but steady increase in the number of inhabitants of the parish. Larger losses in the population were observed only during the period of epidemics and during World War II. Parish of Rembieszyce was fairly uniform in terms of religious and therefore free from sectarian tensions. The majority of its inhabitants were Roman Catholics. Jews constituted a small percentage of the total population (about 3% in the nineteenth century, less than 4% in the first half of the last century). Other denominations in the parish has also been recorded. Last but not least, among the inhabitants of the parish throughout the period that is in the interest of the present study (with some exceptions) female parishioners statistically dominated male ones. This phenomenon is not only characteristic of the parish under research but occurred throughout the province of Kielce.

15

Duszpasterstwo i życie religijne parafii Rembieszyce w latach 1800–1945. Z dziejów społeczności lokalnej

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Karkocha M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 2

EN

The Rembieszyce Parish is located in the province of Kielce, in the commune of Małogoszcz and has been composed by four settlements: Rembieszyce, Karsznice, Mieronice and Wola Tesserowa. It was founded in 1438 with the efforts of Odrowąż family. It is dedicated to the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Presented article aims to show the religious life of the Rembieszyce Parish in the years 1800–1945. The Author’s researches efforts were focused on the external aspects of religious life, especially on religious practices. In this article Author also discussed the church teaching and the activities of the social and religious organizations. The basic sources for the Author researches are collected in the Archives of the Diocese of Kielce, and – to a lesser extent – in the Archive of the Parish Rembieszyce. Among them are: consistorial files, reports of the dean and pastoral visitation, school records and population statistics. The Author also used the parish registers of births, marriages and deaths, stored in several archives (Archives of the Kielce Diocese, State Archive in Kielce, Archive of the Rembieszyce Parish). This article is also complemented by other materials, such as correspondence or newspapers.

16

Sejmiki ziemi nurskiej 1780–1786

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Filipczak W., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 1

EN

The article concerns the sejmiks held in the land of Nur, which was a part of the Mazovian palatinate. The szlachta who arrived in the city of Nur elected envoys, deputies in the Crown Tribunal, candidates for the judiciary offices in the land of Nur, and found solutions to problems connected with self-government. Even though Mazovia was dominated by the royalist party, the sejmiks in Nur were very turbulent. In 1782 two elections connected with two offices were held simultaneously, which was against the law and thus gave rise to displeasure. The animosities between local szlachta activists made Stanisław August refrain from appointing people to some important offices in the land. The election of envoys for the sejm of 1786 was particularly tumultuous. The article includes an analysis of instructions for the representatives of the land of Nur in Parliament. It also dwells on the local political élites.

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Urszula Kosińska, August II w poszukiwaniu sojusznika. Między aliansem wiedeńskim i hanowerskim (1725–1730), Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2012, ss. 557 + 7

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Anusik Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2013

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vol. 12

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issue 2

18

Wydarzenia we Francji w pierwszych miesiącach rewolucji (maj–październik 1789 roku) w świetle doniesień ambasadora Szwecji w Paryżu (Wersalu) Erika Magnusa Staëla von Holsteina

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Anusik Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2016

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vol. 15

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issue 1

PL

Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein (1749–1802) był szwedzkim żołnierzem i dyplomatą. W listopadzie 1783 r. został mianowany ambasadorem na dworze francuskim. W styczniu 1786 r. poślubił Annę Louisę Germaine Necker, córkę szwajcarskiego bankiera i jednego z najbogatszych ludzi we Francji – Jacquesa. Po ślubie z córką wpływowego polityka, jakim był Necker, pozycja ambasadora Szwecji we Francji była zupełnie wyjątkowa. Był on bowiem bardzo dobrze widziany zarówno w Wersalu, gdzie cieszył się sympatią Ludwika XVI, Marii Antoniny, książąt krwi, szlachty i dworzan, jak i w Paryżu, gdzie przez swojego teścia nawiązał kontakty ze środowiskiem finansistów, kupców i szlachty urzędniczej. Staël von Holstein był także znakomitym obserwatorem francuskiej sceny politycznej. Jego poglądy polityczne skłaniały go do popierania koncepcji monarchii konstytucyjnej. Z tego powodu potępiał despotyzm zarówno Ludwika XVI, jak i swojego króla – Gustawa III. Przez współczesnych był uważany za arystokratycznego liberała. Po objęciu funkcji oficjalnego reprezentanta interesów króla Szwecji na dworze wersalskim Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein przesyłał do Sztokholmu bardzo interesujące raporty dyplomatyczne, w których odnotowywał wszystkie ważniejsze wydarzenia polityczne zachodzące we Francji. W okresie, kiedy absolutna monarchia Ludwika XVI zaczęła się chwiać w posadach, jako arystokratyczny liberał i zięć Neckera sympatyzował z opozycją szlachty i parlamentów skierowaną przeciwko poczynaniom rządu królewskiego. Na podstawie bardzo szczegółowych raportów szwedzkiego dyplomaty można też prześledzić przebieg tzw. rewolty uprzywilejowanych z lat 1787–1788. W pierwszych miesiącach rewolucji Staël von Holstein przesyłał do Sztokholmu pełne głębi i politycznej przenikliwości raporty dyplomatyczne ze szczegółowym opisem wypadków zachodzących we Francji. Przedstawiany przez Staëla obraz francuskiej sceny politycznej nie różni się w zasadzie od tego, co można znaleźć w pracach współczesnych badaczy dziejów rewolucji francuskiej. Relacjom Staëla von Holsteina nie sposób też zarzucić jakiejkolwiek nierzetelności. Ambasador był bowiem na ogół znakomicie poinformowany o wszystkim, co rozgrywało się wówczas we Francji, a jeśli nawet czasami mylił się w jakichś drobnych szczegółach, to i tak najważniejszy wydaje się fakt, że był w stanie przeniknąć istotę i atmosferę przemian dokonujących się w kraju, który zwykł był uważać za swoją drugą ojczyznę.

EN

Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein (*1749) became an Ambassador of Sweden to Paris (Versailles) in November of 1783. In January of 1786 he married Anne Louise Germaine Necker, the daughter of a Swiss banker and one of the richest men in France – Jacques. After a wedding with the daughter of Jacques Necker the position of the Swedish Ambassador in France was quite unique. He was well seen both in Versailles, where he enjoyed the sympathy on the part of Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, princes of the blood, nobility and courtiers, and in Paris, where through his father-in-law he had established contacts with the environment of financiers, merchants and noblesse de robe. Staël also proved to be an excellent observer of the French political scene. In terms of political beliefs he was a supporter of the constitutional monarchy. For this reason, he condemned despotism of Louis XVI as well as of his own monarch. He was generally regarded as an aristocratic liberal. After having taken an office of the representative of the interests of the King of Sweden at the court of Versailles, Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein was sending to Stockholm very interesting diplomatic reports which recorded all current events taking place in France. At a time when the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI began to waver in its foundations, as an aristocratic liberal and son-in-law of Necker, he sympathised with the opposition of nobles and parliaments against actions of the Royal Government. On the basis of Staël von Holstein’s very detailed reports we have the possibility of keeping trace of the „revolt of the privileged”. During first months of the Revolution he was sending to Stockholm full of depth and political insight reports with a detailed description of events taking place in France. Presented by Staël image of the French political scene does not differ in principle from the way modern historians are writing about it. It is also impossible to find fault in his reports. The Ambassador was usually fairly informed about events taking place in France and even if he was wrong in some small details, he was able to penetrate an essence and atmosphere of change of which he was an eyewitness.

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„Korespondencja Krzysztofa księcia Zbaraskiego koniuszego koronnego 1612–1627”, opracowała Anna Filipczak-Kocur, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, Opole 2015, ss. 255

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