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1

Cywilna jurysdykcja wobec wojskowych w Koronie na przełomie XVI i XVII stulecia

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2007

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vol. 5

33-56

EN

We can observe the process of determining the competence of military courts in Poland in the second half of the 16th century. They were competent to decide in all cases in which at least one of the parties was a military man. There were problems with these courts, so Polish noblemen decided to establish new courts for cases in which one party was a soldier and second was civilian (mixed cases). This reforms have been implemented since 1567 and from this time the civil courts could also decide in such cases. Another important aspect is connected with strict liability of commanders for their soldiers. Polish noblemen didn’t want to accept the commanders’ jurisdiction in mixed cases. After 1578, when the supreme Crown Tribunal (Trybunał Koronny) was established, they struggled for giving the competence to this civil court in mixed cases. They succeed in 1593, although even after this date there were political disputes about the competence of civil jurisdiction.

2

Edycje źródłowe akt sejmikowych: przeszłość – teraźniejszość – przyszłość

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2015

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vol. 14

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issue 2

9-43

EN

The article presents two monographic editions titled “Acts of regional assemblies ofthe Poznań and Kalisz Voivodeship”, released by Michał Zwierzykowski. The result ofgathered in 1697-1763 documents in comparison to existing editorial output was evalu-ated. Main postulates concerning releases of the acts of assemblies made by historiansfrom the turn of the XIX/XX century were characterized. The ﬁrst author of edition ofthese acts was not, like it was thought, Walerian Kalinka, but Adolf Pawiński. In the ar-ticle heretofore ignored contribution of Alfons Parczewski and Stanisław Kujot waspresented. These two, next to Michał Bobrzyński, Ludwik Kubala, Władysław Konop-czyński, Edward Barwiński and Stanisław Kutrzeba delivered many valuable editorialideas and methodological ﬁndings. Finally existing and announced editorial output wasdescribed. We observe incredibly dynamic editorial process and the announces are evenmore impressive. Till 2030 we should have set of documents for Voivodeships: Kalisz,Poznań, Ruthenian, Belz, Brześć-Kujawski, Inowrocław. We should also have majority ofsources from: Brest Litovsk Voivodeships, Kraków Voivodeships, Wilno Voivodeshipsand Duchy of Zator and Oświęcim, Chełm Land, Dobrzyń Land. This set allows toextrapolate assumption that in near future synthesis of regional council’s organizationand functioning will be made.

3

Struktura i siedziba Sądu Głównego w Białymstoku (1808–1842)

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2017

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vol. 16

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issue 2

21-40

EN

This paper presents the structure of the high court that operated in the Belostok Oblast in the years 1808–1842. It consisted of two chambers. One heard penal cases and the other civil cases. The department was managed by a local gentry council (Pol: “sejmik szlachecki”) of the Belostok Oblast. The council elected one assessor and one counsellor from the department. In the paper, the seats of the high court are identiﬁed and located on the maps of Belostok from the early 19th century. Organizing the Belostok Oblast, its governor, Ignacy Theyls, planned to locate the high court in an outbuilding lying to the right of Branicki Palace (Fig. 2). However, these plans were not pursued and the court used the former seat of the Prussian regency (Fig. 1). This facility, however, was too small which led to the use of other auxiliary buildings. Probably in the 1830s, there were plans to build the high court at the crossing of Bojarska and Młynowa streets. An architectural design of the building that was to be constructed speciﬁcally for this purpose was also published.

4

Miejskie artykuły wojskowe w nowożytnej Europie – zarys problematyki

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 15

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issue 1

59-84

EN

Military laws, taking into account the entities issuing them, can be divided into five types. These are hetman’s articles (announced by the chief commanders), royal articles (issued by the rulers), parliamentary articles (adopted by various representative bodies), confederate’s articles (self-governing announced by all soldiers) and the urban articles, created by or under the authority of the city council. The paper presents characteristics of “urban military articles.” These were the normative acts issued in the modern era directly by the city council or bodies acting under its authority. Promulgated acts were shorter than the other military articles, as in this case, military law was only comple- mentary to the system of municipal law. These documents were primarily to ensure ef- ficient supervision and control of the civilian municipal authorities over military troops. Civilians and private property was covered by special protection. Urban military articles imposed upon soldiers a fairly rigid moral framework, particular attention being given to the problems of alcoholism, prostitution, gambling, and even participation in urban amusements and festivities. More lenient penalties were applied in the urban military articles, which occurred the more strikingly the greater the proportion of urban citizens serving in the military. A sentence of imprisonment was provided more willingly, obvi- ously using institutions operating in the cities.

5

Ustrój XVIII-wiecznego miasta Białystok

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2015

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vol. 14

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issue 1

349-379

EN

Białystok received city rights in 1692, known privileges had been passed in the years 1749 and 1760. In spite of the fact that these acts granted basic principles of the urban system, the owners of Bialystok were able to freely decide changes that could have violated the existing order. An important change was the establishment of the landwójt oﬃce in 1769. The landwójt (mayor) was a position appointed for life by the Branicki family. The landwójt was able to subdue the municipal authorities and the city judiciary. Białystok was an extremely diverse city in terms of its organization. In this article I was able to isolate four loosely interconnected authority structures: city – suburbs – the Jewish community – military garrison. This, diverse in form, urban organization was supervised by courtly suzerainty. Until the 1st half of XVIII century owners could have made necessary steps independently (to a great extent). With the development of Białystok they handed over their powers (including judicial power) to the General Commissioner of the Podlasie Estates. Izabela Branicka decided in 1772 to appoint a special oﬃcial – a governor. His sole task was to manage the city. An important arrangement was the division of Białystok into two areas: the left-bank, where the city “proper” was located, and the right-bank, which, despite frequently naming it a “new city”, was not a distinct urban structure. Uniﬁcation was made under the reign of War and Domain Chamber and the whole process ended with the lease of Białystok by Izabela Branicka to the King of Prussia in 1802.

6

Udział „sejmików” wojskowych przy tworzeniu i ogłaszaniu artykułów wojskowych w XVI i XVII stuleciu

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2013

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vol. 12

75-101

EN

The article explores soldiers’ participation in process of creating and accepting ordinan- ces and articles of war. It was possible because of existance in army Sejmików – distinct for rittmeisters (Rittmeisters Council) and for the companions from one unit (Banner Council). In the beginning only rittmeisters had an inﬂuence over forming the articles of war. From the XVII century also companions could present their will. The acceptance of the oﬃcers was necessary to put legal rules into practice. From the nineties of the XVI century we can observe, that commander in chief (Hetman), Jan Zamoyski resigns from knights’ participation and tries, with the help of his own authority and Sejm’ enablement, to create legal rules by his own, without soldiers’ participation. Councils had a much greater authorisation in confederated units, that played a major role in legislation process.

7

Przebieg prac nad projektami rozporządzeń prezydenta o uznawaniu związków religijnych oraz o zmianie wyznania w Polsce w latach 1926–1927, w świetle dokumentów Archivio Segreto Vaticano

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2012

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vol. 11

427-455

EN

In 1927, the Polish government tried to adjust legal problems arising from the denomination. These works were undertaken by Gustaw Karol Dobrucki and Kazimierz Okulicz, but they were soon blocked by the Holy See, represented by nuncio Lorenzo Lauri, Carlo Chiarlo and Cardinal August Hlond. The attempts by the governmental side (Aleksander Meysztowicz and Władysław Skrzyński) to reach an agreement with the Church were unsuccessful. In the middle of 1929, the Polish government resigned from continuation of work on the decrees. The article presents key archive documents, including the drafts of the decrees on change of the denomination and on recognition of new denominations. It also presents correspondence between the government and the Holy See regarding negotiations concerning these matters.

8

Ćwierćwiecze Komisji Lituanistycznej. Pogranicza Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (Warszawa 27-28 września 2016 r.)

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 15

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issue 2

367-371

PL

Ćwierćwiecze Komisji Lituanistycznej. Pogranicza Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (Warszawa 27-28 września 2016 r.)

9

Związki małżeńskie i pozamałżeńskie w armii koronnej i litewskiej w XVI i XVII stuleciu – prawo i stan faktyczny

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Łopatecki K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 2

47-71

EN

The article presents the legal regulations on the principles of the presence of women in the Polish-Lithuanian army in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Jan Tarnowski, at the end of the ﬁrst half of the sixteenth century, introduced the ﬁrst signiﬁcant limi- tations on this issue. According to military law the only women that could exist in the army were the wives of soldiers and persons accompanying the troops (e.g. merchants, servants and the like). The soldiers were not satisﬁed with this arrangement and began to exploit loopholes for their own purposes. Firstly, marriages were concluded to make prostitution possible. Secondly, in many cases, soldiers declared a concubine or sexual slave to be their lawful wife. During the latter half of the sixteenth century and ﬁrst half of the seventeenth century, lawmakers endeavoured to reﬁne the rules. As a result (despite the diﬃculties involved and with the help of military law) during that period the Polish-Lithuanian army had only a small percentage of women present, especially when compared to Western armies. During periods of war there was a signiﬁcant de- parture from the legal rules. Then the soldiers treated captured women as spoils of war. Some of the women became “military wives”, others were simply used as sex slaves.

10

„Wyprawa Tatarów na Węgry przez Polskę w 1594 r.” – z badań nad twórczością Bronisława Kocowskiego

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Łopatecki K.

Studia z dziejów polskiej historiografii wojskowej

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2012

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vol. 13

28-38

EN

In the article I explore the circumstances of the origins and evaluate Bronisław Kocowski's book titled "Tatars campaingn on Hungary trough Poland in 1594". The book was written in unusual circumstances - the author began his archival work before World War II and continued it during german occupation of Lviv. Finally the book was published in October 1948 when the political discourse in the Republic of Poland was getting tighten. "Tatars campaign on Hungary trough Poland in 1594" was the second book about military history of the early modern age published after World War II.

11

Powstanie i funkcjonowanie wydziałów do spraw doraźnych działających przy Sądzie Okręgowym w Białymstoku (II-VI 1946 r.)

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Łopatecki K.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2019

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vol. 12

723-750

EN

The article presents the activity of departments dealing with cases in ad hoc proceed- ings from February to June 1946. The subject of the analysis is the Regional Court in Białystok. The research showed that at the same time there were two different departments with almost identical names. The first one was created in accordance with the decree on ad hoc proceedings of 16 November 1946. The second was a common court only by name. In order to obtain an ap- propriate tool for fighting the independence movement, officers and non-commissioned officers were temporarily delegated to common courts as judges, prosecutors and jurors. Importantly, these people did not enter the structures of the ad hoc departments of the regional courts, but came under the direct authority of the Ministry of Justice, and in fact under the military justice system. I call these departments the ad hoc civil-military courts because they combined the features of ordinary ad hoc courts with military courts, as well as KBW courts - which were constantly on the move, often changed their stopping place.

DE

Im Artikel wird die Tätigkeit von solchen Abteilungen dargestellt, die die Fälle von Februar bis Juni 1946 im vorläufigen Verfahren prüften. Zum Gegenstand der Ana- lyse wird das Bezirksgericht in Białystok. Die durchgeführten Studien verwiesen darauf, dass es gleichzeitig zwei verschiedene Abteilungen mit einem nahezu identischen Namen gab. Die erste wurde gemäß dem Dekret über das vorläufige Verfahren vom 16. November 1946 geschaffen. Die zweite war ein ordentliches Gericht, aber nur dem Namen nach. Um ein geeignetes Instrument zur Bekämpfung der Unabhängigkeitsbewegung zu erhalten, wurden Offiziere und Unteroffiziere in die ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit versetzt, die als Richter, Staatsanwälte und Laienrichter zur Arbeit in den ordentlichen Gerichten vorübergehend abgeordnet wurden. In Wirklichkeit betra- ten diese Personen aber nicht die Strukturen der Abteilungen für vorläufige Angelegenheiten, die bei den Bezirksgerichten funktionierten, sondern waren direkt dem Justizministerium und tatsächlich der Militärjustiz unterstellt. Diese Abteilung wird vom Autor dieses Beitrags als vor- läufige Zivil-Militärgerichte benannt, weil sie die Merkmale normaler vorläufiger Gerichte mit Militärgerichten sowie Gerichten des Korps der Inneren Sicherheit miteinander kombinierten, die ständig in Bewegung waren und häufig ihren Halteplatz wechselten.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje działalność wydziałów rozpatrujących sprawy w postępowaniu doraźnym od lutego do czerwca 1946 r. Przedmiotem analizy stanowi Sąd Okręgowy w Białymstoku. Badania wskazały, że w tym samym czasie istniały dwa różne wydziały o niemal identycznej nazwie. Pierwszy stworzony był zgodnie z dekretem o postępowaniu doraźnym z 16 listopada 1946 r. Drugi był sądem powszechnym jedynie z nazwy. Aby uzyskać odpowiednie narzędzie do walki z ruchem niepodległościowym do sądownictwa powszechnego przekazano oficerów i podoficerów, którzy jako sędziowie, prokuratorzy i ławnicy byli czasowo oddelegowanych do sądów powszechnych. W rzeczywistości ludzie ci nie wchodzili do struktur wydziałów do spraw doraźnych działające przy sądach okręgowych, lecz podlegali bezpośrednio Ministerstwu Sprawiedliwości, a faktycznie wojskowemu wymiarowi sprawiedliwości. Wydziałowi temu nadaję nazwę doraźnych sądów cywilno-wojskowych, gdyż łączyły one cechy zwykłych sądów doraźnych z sądami wojskowymi, a także sądami KBW – które były stale w ruchu, często zmieniały miejsce postoju.

12

Religijność żołnierzy w świetle artykułów wojskowych – założenia metodologiczne

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Łopatecki K.

Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia

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2014

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vol. 6

EN

Despite being the object of research conducted by military historians, so far military normative acts have found little interest as a historical source for the study of the changes of piety and religiosity among soldiers. The studies can relate to three clearly defined phenomena such as the institution of military chaplains, religious ceremonies and the spread of the concept of God. Thus, this article constitutes an attempt to present the methodological assumptions allowing to extract from the sources – military records – more information than just data relating to the contents formally connoted by the legal regulations. The basis of the presented analysis constitutes the research devoted to the study of the development of the Polish and Lithuanian military laws till the middle of the 17ᵗʰ century.

PL

Wojskowe akta normatywne, choć stanowią przedmiot badań historyków wojskowości, jak dotąd w niewielkim stopniu były wykorzystywane jako źródło historyczne do badań nad przemianami pobożności oraz religijności żołnierzy. Tego typu badania odnosić się mogą do trzech wyraźnie określonych fenomenów, takich jak: instytucja kapelanów wojskowych, ceremonie religijne oraz propagowanie koncepcji Boga. Artykuł stanowi zatem próbę zaprezentowania założeń metodologicznych umożliwiających wydobycie ze źródeł – artykułów wojskowych – informacji wykraczających poza treść formalnie konotowaną przez przepis prawny. Podstawę zaprezentowanych analiz stanowią badania poświęcone rozwojowi polskich i litewskich praw wojskowych w okresie do połowy XVII wieku.

13

The influence of maps and plans created in the 1620s in the Netherlands on the development of military concepts in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

100%

Łopatecki K.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2019

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issue 4

253-283

PL

Artykuł analizuje wpływ map i planów dotyczących działań wojskowych w Niderlandach w latach 20. XVII stulecia na modernizację i reformy sztuki wojennej w Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej. Przeprowadzono w niej analizę, która prowadzi do konstatacji, że źródłem wiedzy taktycznej, operacyjnej i strategicznej były źródła kartograficzne docierające do ziem Rzeczypospolitej. Najczęściej przywoziły je osoby, które wyjeżdżały z Korony i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego na Zachód w celach edukacyjnych i zarobkowych, a następnie wracały do ojczyzny. Ustalono, że magnat powracający z podróży przywoził od kilkunastu do kilkudziesięciu rycin i własnoręcznych rysunków planów oblężeń i fortyfikacji. Rozpowszechnioną formą było dostarczanie map do korespondencji. Źródła kartograficzne miały pomóc w ocenie podejmowanych działań militarnych i pozwalały odbiorcom „na bieżąco” obserwować konflikty europejskie. Dzięki podróży królewicza Władysława Wazy po Europie w latach 1624–1625 ukształtował się wzorzec pobierania „nauk wojskowych” nie tylko na uniwersytetach ale i obozach wojskowych w Niderlandach. Ukazana została również rola Krzysztofa Arciszewskiego – klienta hetmana polnego litewskiego, który dostarczał Krzysztofowi Radziwiłłowi liczne, powstałe w Niderlandach mapy i plany. Zaakcentowano również analogiczny kontekst wyprawy edukacyjnej Janusza Radziwiłła oraz Krzysztofa Michała i Kazimierza Lwa Sapiehów.

EN

The article analyses the impact of maps and plans for military operations in the Netherlands in the 1620s on the modernisation and reform of the art of war in the Republic of Poland. The analysis showed that the source of tactical, operational and strategic knowledge were cartographic sources that reached the lands of the Republic. They were most often brought by people who left the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the West for education and work and then returned to their homeland. It was established that a typical magnate returning from the journey brought between a dozen and a few dozen or so engravings and his own drawings of the sieges and fortification plans. A common form was to provide maps for correspondence. Cartographic sources were supposed to help evaluate the military actions taken and allow the recipients to “keep an eye on” European conflicts. Thanks to the journey of Prince Wladyslaw Vasa around Europe in the years 1624–1625, a pattern of taking “military science” was formed not only in universities but also in military camps in the Netherlands.

14

PROBLEMY Z OBSADZENIEM NUNCJATURY W POLSCE (XI 1935 – V 1937)

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Łopatecki K.

Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2013

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vol. 13

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issue 1

125-152

PL

PROBLEMS WITH THE APPOINTMENT OF THE PAPAL NUNCIO TO POLAND, NOVEMBER 1935 – APRIL 1937 Summary The article describes the appointment of Filippo Cortesi to the office of papal nuncio to the Republic of Poland, and reviews the role of the Polish diplomats accredited to the Holy See in this process. The appointment of a nuncio following the departure of Francesco Marmaggi was extremely complicated. The list of candidates was the resultant of a number of factors. The individuals whose names were on it had used influence with the pope, the Vatican’s secretary of state, or former nuncios to Warsaw. Both the Polish government and the bishops of Poland had a say in the final outcome. In addition there was also the volatile political situation in Europe at the time, especially in Spain and Yugoslavia, which exerted an effect on the process. In June 1936 Carlo Chiarlo received the nomination for the office. However, the unanimously negative position of the Conference of the Bishops of Poland, especially Cardinals Kakowski and Hlond, stopped the appointment at the last moment. The Polish Government did not want Ermenegildo Pellegrinetti to be appointed and tried to prevent it, considering Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli the ideal candidate. Eventually Pius XI appointed Filippo Cortesi, formerly nuncio to Argentina.

15

ZAWŁASZCZENIE NIERUCHOMOŚCI NA PRZYKŁADZIE DZIAŁAŃ WOJENNYCH Z POCZĄTKU XVII WIEKU W RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ OBOJGA NARODÓW. Z BADAŃ NAD PRAWEM ZDOBYCZY WOJENNEJ W EPOCE NOWOŻYTNEJ

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Łopatecki K.

Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2016

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vol. 16

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issue 4

59-88

PL

Property Requisition: A Case Study of early 17th-Century Military Operations for Research on the Early Modern Law on War Trophies Summary This article is on the requisitioning of property by soldiers stationing on enemy territory. The author presents the law on war trophies in force in Poland-Lithuania in 1609–1619, when the country was at war against the Grand Duchy of Muscovy. In particular he examines a protestation lodged by Stanisław Galiński, a Mazovian nobleman. This document provides evidence that pursuant to the Polish-Lithuanian law of war abandoned property could be lawfully requisitioned providing the party taking possession of the vacant real estate became its effective holder by taking over its management. This theory is confirmed by a 1613 parliamentary resolution which allowed for the confiscation of requisitioned property from soldiers who could not prove their title to tenure on these grounds. The legal situation of requisitioned properties was similar to that of property held by the Muscovite boyars of the Smolensk region, who were granted a conditional endorsement of tenure, with the recognition of a title in fee simple subject to enfeoffment by the king.

16

The oldest North American military articles – the circumstances surrounding their enactment and their characteristics

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Łopatecki K.

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

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2020

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vol. 72

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issue 1

285-316

17

"O potrzebie reform ustroju i prawa Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej w świetle pierwszej polskiej powieści fantastyczno-naukowej z 1785 roku"

100%

Łopatecki K.

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

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2015

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vol. 67

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issue 1

169-189

PL

Artykuł ten anlizuje prawne i ustrojowe aspekty pierwszej, polskiej powieści fantastycznej autorstwa Michała Dymitra, a zatytułowanej "Wojciech Zdarzyński życia przypadki opisujący" z 1785 r.

18

Najstarsze północnoamerykańskie artykuły wojskowe

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Łopatecki K.

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

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2013

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vol. 65

|

issue 1

175-201

EN

This paper analyses from historical and legal points of view, military articles enacted for militias stationed in the colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Maryland. All the studied articles were drafted by selecting legal norms from model military articles and introducing minor stylistic changes. Colonists from Virginia took advantage of Sweden’s Gustav II Adolph’s articles of 1621, those from Massachusetts – articles drafted for the Parliamentarian Army by Robert Devereux in 1642 while in Maryland, Prince Rupert’s Articles of 1672 served as a model. The example of Connecticut shows that once a version of regulations for militias had been published, it was eagerly copied by neighbouring colonies. Curiously enough – an observation that has not been made in the literature so far – the Swedish military regulations of Gustav II Adolph were made use of outside Europe. This only bears out the claim that military expertise fl owed freely in the times of ‘military revolutions’. A new type of source concerning military law, namely militia articles, needs to be distinguished; one marked by conciseness, for it only laid down absolutely necessary regulations that could be enforced in ad hoc formed militias.

19

Intercyza zawarta między Janem Klemensem Branickim a Katarzyną Barbarą Radziwiłłówną jako przykład realizacji strategii rodzinnych magnaterii (1720 r.)

100%

Łopatecki K.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2016

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vol. 38

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issue 3

31-54

PL

W niniejszym artykule zanalizowano pod względem prawnym relacje majątkowe powstałe w wyniku małżeństwa Jana Klemensa Branickiego z Katarzyną Barbarą Radziwiłłówną. Ślub odbył się w Białej Podlaskiej 1 października 1720 roku i poprzedzony był umową przedślubną podpisaną 29 września 1720 roku. W świetle tego dokumentu Janowi Klemensowi Branickiemu zagwarantowano, że posag wyniesie 200 000 zł i zostanie wypłacony w dwóch ratach – w 1721 i 1722 roku. Dodatkowo przekazano wyprawę, czyli ruchomości i kosztowności o bardzo wysokiej wartości 200 000 zł. Prezentowane wydarzenia ukazują, że ekonomiczny sukces rodu magnackiego w znacznym stopniu polegał na umiejętnym skonstruowaniu intercyzy i wyegzekwowaniu jej postanowień. W analizowanym przypadku należy uznać, że przyszły hetman zyskał więcej niż Radziwiłłowie. Po pierwsze, wywalczył lepsze warunki dla Katarzyny Barbary, niż otrzymała Konstancja Radziwiłłówna, która w 1717 roku wyszła za mąż za Jana Fryderyka Sapiehę. Po drugie, dobrze zabezpieczył się na wypadek opóźnień w wypłacie posagu. Oprawę posagu zapewnił dopiero po otrzymaniu posagu, a umowa dożywocia została spisana po wypłaceniu pierwszej raty. Po trzecie, pomimo stosunkowo niskiego posagu, wartość łatwo sprzedawalnych kosztowności i gotówka wypłacona w ramach wyprawy (o łącznej kwocie 200 000 zł) znacznie przekraczała 100 000 zł. Ruchomości, które otrzymała Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłłówna, stały się częścią wyposażenia stale rozbudowywanego białostockiego pałacu. Jeszcze po pół wieku użytkowania udało się w inwentarzach z lat 1772 i 1775 przyporządkować trzy obiekty (dwa łóżka i obraz), które znalazły się w wyprawie z 1720 roku.

EN

The article contains a legal analysis of the property relations resulting from the marriage of Jan Klemens Branicki to Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł. The wedding took place in Biała Podlaska on October 1st, 1720. By virtue of the document in question Jan Klemens Branicki was guaranteed that he would be given 200,000 zlotys and that sum would be paid in two instalments, in 1721 and in 1722. In addition, the dowry contained movables and valuables that were worth another 200,000 zlotys. The events here depicted reveal that the economic success of an aristocratic family to a large extent consisted in a skilful construction of the prenuptial agreement and later in enforcing its fulfilment. In the case analysed here it may be concluded that the future hetman obtained more than the Radziwiłłs. Firstly, he managed to gain better conditions for Katarzyna Barbara than Konstancja Radziwiłł got when she married Jan Fryderyk Sapieha in 1717. Secondly, he protected himself against delays in the payments of the dowry; the setting of the dowry was given after receiving the dowry itself, and the jointure agreement was concluded after the first instalment. Thirdly, in spite of a relatively low dowry, the value of the movables and cash paid within the dowry (200,000 zlotys) significantly exceeded 100,000 zlotys. The movables that Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł was given became part of the furnishings of the Białystok palace. Still fifty years later it was possible to find in the 1772 and 1775 registers three objects (two beds and a painting), which had been included in the 1720 dowry.

20

Charakterystyka „miejskich artykułów wojskowych” na przykładzie Rigischer Artikelsbrieff z 1600 roku

100%

Łopatecki K.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2013

|

vol. 78

|

issue 2

5-38

EN

The article concerns the “municipal military articles” – regulations issued or accepted by the town council for military forces employed by the town. This type of standard act developed in the early modern period mainly in the Reich, the Swiss Confederacy in the Apennine Peninsula and in the Polish Rzeczpospolita. As far as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is concerned, we are familiar with military articles issued by the council of Gdańsk, Riga and Toruń. The regulations of Riga for the Landsknechte, unknown in historiography, were created at the end of 1600; the ceremony of their acceptance by a team of 800 people took place on 12 January 1601. The regulations were in force probably as long as Riga remained within the borders of the Polish Rzeczpospolita. The text of Artikelbrief coincides with German law. Probably the regulations followed the model of Prussian articles written by Albrecht Hohenzollern included in Kriegsordnung. The military articles of Riga helped to maintain a high level of military discipline during military campaigns in Livonia. When set behind the troops of the Polish Crown and Lithuania, the soldiers of Riga behaved relatively peacefully. The most spectacular crimes were harshly judged and sentences were executed, which at that time was quite rare. Special emphasis was given to the issue of military expeditions, which was an uncharacteristic solution when compared with other “municipal military articles”. Attention should be drawn to a regulation which prohibited undertaking attacks against allied armies, the equivalents of which were to be found in Lithuanian and Polish articles issued at that time (1601).

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