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1

BEING NICE OR BEING TOUGH? SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL COGNITION IN TWO TYPES OF POPULAR PRE-ADOLESCENTS

100%
Čavojová V.
Studia Psychologica
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2012
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vol. 54
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issue 4
313 – 327
EN
Although peer status has been extensively studied especially with regard to pro social behaviour, the results are mixed. Current study focuses on popularity and friendship, and their associations to social behaviour (pro social vs. antisocial) and social cognition (mindreading and empathy). 335 preadolescents (Mage = 13.3) participated in the study and completed sociometric questionnaire, mindreading test and three empathy questionnaires. Boys scored higher in popularity and disruptive behaviour, girls scored higher in helping behaviour and social cognition (mindreading and empathy). The two subtypes of popular students were identified – Pro social and Populist, who differed in their social behaviour and underlying social cognition. Pro social students showed more pro social behaviour, together with better mindreading and empathy skills than Populists. It seems that popularity in group can be achieved by two ways - either by being nice, or by being “tough”. This finding is also in line with the results of Bruyin and Cillessen (2006).
2
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Ako skúmať sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu?

63%
Vedejová D., Čavojová V.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 2
184-196
EN
Confirmation bias is one of the most problematic aspects of human reasoning, but there is no universal definition of this phenomenon resulting in the methodology gaps in its measurement. The aim of the study is to provide a review of relevant empirical research and classification of the methods used for measuring confirmation bias depending on the stages of the reasoning (search, interpretation, and memory recall), and identification of an effective method for its measurement. In the discussion, the prerequisites that should be met by a methodology for measuring confirmation bias are outlined: it should measure confirmation bias in searching for information, interpretation of evidence, and memory recall of information and also the attitudes to the topic being measured. The results obtained by such a method would help to clarify how the confirmation bias manifests iself at different stages of reasoning and, last but not least, would help to examine and verify whether and how can it be effectively reduced.
SK
Sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu (confirmation bias) sa považuje za jeden z najproblematickejších aspektov ľudského usudzovania, no doteraz neexistuje jednotné vymedzenie tohto fenoménu, čo spôsobuje metodologické medzery pri jeho meraní. Cieľom štúdie je preto priniesť prehľad relevantných empirických výskumov, pokúsiť sa o klasifikáciu metód používaných na meranie sklonu k sebapotvrdzovaniu v závislosti od fáz usudzovania (vyhľadávanie, interpretácia a vybavovanie z pamäti) a identifikovať efektívny spôsob jeho merania. V závere autori poukazujú na nevyhnutné predpoklady, ktoré by mala spĺňať metodika na meranie sklonu k sebapotvrdzovaniu: mala by merať postoje k téme a zároveň sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu vo vyhľadávaní informácií, interpretácii dôkazov a pri vybavovaní si informácií. Výsledky získané takouto metódou by pomohli objasniť, ako sa sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu prejavuje v rôznych fázach usudzovania a v neposlednom rade by pomohli preskúmať a overiť spôsoby, či a ako sa dá efektívne redukovať.
3

HOW MUCH INFORMATION DO YOU NEED? INTERACTION OF INTUITIVE PROCESSING WITH EXPERTISE

63%
Čavojová V., Hanák R.
Studia Psychologica
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2014
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vol. 56
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issue 2
83 – 97
EN
Intuition is usually seen as fast, automatic, high processing capacity, yet only few studies focused directly on the connection with the amount of information search. In this paper we present two studies examining two different domains (financial and recruiting) and employing different manipulations (time stress and instruction). The main aim of both studies was to examine whether preference for intuition (as cognitive style) would lead to less information search with respect to expert and non-expert population, with experience as moderator affecting intuitive people more in terms of searching for less information. Generally, our results indicate that situational manipulations, such as inducing time stress or giving instruction to think intuitively, affect information search more than preferred cognitive style and that it is necessary to examine intuition in context-specific tasks as the experience plays a crucial role in the searching information when making decisions.Intuition is usually seen as fast, automatic, high processing capacity, yet only few studies focused directly on the connection with the amount of information search. In this paper we present two studies examining two different domains (financial and recruiting) and employing different manipulations (time stress and instruction). The main aim of both studies was to examine whether preference for intuition (as cognitive style) would lead to less information search with respect to expert and non-expert population, with experience as moderator affecting intuitive people more in terms of searching for less information. Generally, our results indicate that situational manipulations, such as inducing time stress or giving instruction to think intuitively, affect information search more than preferred cognitive style and that it is necessary to examine intuition in context-specific tasks as the experience plays a crucial role in the searching information when making decisions.
4

SLOVAK VALIDATION OF THE BASIC EMPATHY SCALE IN PRE-ADOLESCENTS

51%
Čavojová V., Sirota M., Belovičová Z.
Studia Psychologica
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2012
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vol. 54
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issue 3
195 - 208
EN
The paper focuses on analysing speech acts in the process of formulating requests in the ‘category width’ cognitive style in a foreign language and native language. We particularly focus on identifying the relation between politeness factors used by broad, medium broad and narrow categorizers in using speech acts of request in a foreign language and native language. Politeness factors are divided into social factors: attention getters, the listener’s (direct formulation of requests) and speaker’s perspective (indirect formulation of requests) and expressive factors: pre-sequences, post-sequences, mitigating devices and minimizers. Our research was carried out on a sample of university students of English, German and Spanish. It is remarkable that narrow categorizers use politeness factors on a larger scale in foreign language than in their native language and broad categorizers use politeness factors more extensively in their native language. Additional research results are discussed in the present paper.
5

MINDREADING AND EMPATHY AS PREDICTORS OF PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

51%
Čavojová V., Belovičová Z., Sirota M.
Studia Psychologica
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2011
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vol. 53
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issue 4
351 – 362
EN
Social understanding is usually conceptualized as consisting of understanding emotions (i.e., empathy) and understanding the other’s mental states (i.e., theory of mind or mindreading). Both these aspects of social understanding are hypothesized to be related to pro-social orientation. Therefore, the purpose of the presented study is to examine whether theory of mind or empathy is the stronger predictor of pro-social orientation. As a secondary aim, the authors also explored the question of gender differences as an important differentiating factor in both theory of mind and empathy. 197 preadolescents aged 11 to 15 participated in the study. Participants filled out two tests of theory of mind skills, three empathy questionnaires and the pro-social orientation was determined by peer-nominated questionnaire. The results corroborated the idea that the higher the social understanding, the higher the pro-social orientation. Moreover, theory of mind predicted pro-social behaviour better than empathy. Girls outperformed boys in both empathy and mindreading measures. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
6

APPROPRIATENESS OF TWO INVENTORIES MEASURING INTUITION (THE PID AND THE REI) FOR SLOVAK POPULATION

51%
Ballová Mikušková E., Hanák R., Čavojová V.
Studia Psychologica
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2015
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vol. 57
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issue 1
63 – 82
EN
There are several available measures that can help us to distinguish between two general types of processing, usually known as intuitive and deliberative. In the current study we examined two of them, Rationality-Experiantility Inventory and Preference for Intuition/Deliberation Scale in Slovak sample of 860 working adults and students (Study 1). In Study 2 (with N = 428 participants) we verified the 2-factor structure of REI after rephrasing problematic items shown in Study 1. The results showed that both PID and REI have good internal consistency, structures of Slovak versions correspond with the original versions. We found also some gender and age differences, and identified three factors (decision-making based on affect and holistic processing, decision-making based on creativity and cognitions, and planned, deliberate decision-making).
7

DO YOU HAVE TO BE SMART TO KNOW WHAT THE OTHERS ARE THINKING?

51%
Čavojová V., Ballová Mikušková E., Hanák R.
Studia Psychologica
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2013
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vol. 55
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issue 1
61 – 66
EN
Research concerning mindreading has dealt extensively with its (in) dependence on executive functions. However, surprisingly few studies focused on direct relationship of mindreading with intelligence, although it has been proposed that the high level mindreading in older children and adults is dependent on general cognitive skills. In the study two advanced mindreading tests were employed and data about participants’ verbal abilities were obtained. There was no significant correlation of verbal ability and memory with any of the mindreading tasks. Our results demonstrate a lack of significant linear relationship of mindreading with the intelligence domains, language and memory as well as support the argument that mindreading exists as a specific independent cognitive domain.
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