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Mieszkańcy wsi Hyżne wobec zagrożenia tatarskiego w XVII stuleciu na tle międzypokoleniowej pamięci komunikatywnej i pamięci kulturowej

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Gliwa A.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2020

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vol. 27

35-84

PL

Zjawiska związane z klęskami elementarnymi i działaniami wojennymi, których konsekwencją były znaczne zniszczenia i straty materialne pozostawiały zazwyczaj trwały ślad w pamięci zbiorowej i tożsamości społeczeństw epoki wczesnej nowożytności. Do tej klasy fenomenów należała specyficzna działalność militarno-biznesowa ord tatarskich w postaci wypraw grabieżczych dalekiego zasięgu, które od schyłku XV do końca XVII w. pustoszyły i osłabiały demograficznie południowo-wschodnie ziemie państwa polsko-litewskiego. Ze względu na fakt, że operacje militarne prowadzone przez ordy tatarskie miały charakter asymetryczny, koncentrując się w środowisku ludności cywilnej, przeważnie na obszarach wiejskich, stanowiły dla zamieszkujących tam społeczności zagrożenie egzystencjalne. Wynikało to ze skutków tego typu niekonwencjonalnych działań militarnych, którymi były katastrofalne zniszczenia w zabudowie i infrastrukturze gospodarczej atakowanych wsi oraz znaczne straty demograficzne ponoszone przez miejscowe populacje. Jako takie właśnie, niewolnicze wyprawy tatarskie odciskały trwałe piętno w pamięci zbiorowej społeczności, które stawały się ich ofiarą. W oparciu o szeroką bazę materiałów źródłowych pochodzących z XVII i XVIII w., wśród których są m.in. źródła narracyjne, akta wizytacji łacińskiej diecezji przemyskiej i źródła skarbowo-podatkowe, autor skupia swoją uwagę na procesie transformacji pamięci komunikatywnej (pokoleniowej) w pamięć kulturową. Ta ostatnia zaczęła się tworzyć około połowy XVIII w., kiedy w sposób naturalny zaczęło wymierać ostatnie pokolenie będące naocznym świadkiem grabieżczych rajdów tatarskich. Pamięć kulturowa rozumiana jest tutaj – za niemieckim kulturoznawcą i egiptologiem Janem Assmannem – jako ponadindywidualna i zobiektywizowana pamięć danej społeczności na temat własnej traumatycznej przeszłości. Jest ona transmitowana poprzez teksty i tradycję mówioną, często przy wsparciu różnych „miejsc pamięci”, zarówno materialnych, jak i tych niematerialnych o dużym potencjale symbolicznym w postaci legend, podań i pieśni ludowych. Jak się wydaje, kluczowe znaczenie w przetwarzaniu lokalnych pamięci komunikatywnych w pamięć kulturową mieli reprezentanci miejscowych elit intelektualnych, którymi byli najczęściej księża katoliccy. Ich działania, odwołujące się do opozycji sacrum-profanum i popularnej w Rzeczypospolitej XVII–XVIII w. idei prowidencjonalizmu, wskazują na społecznie uwarunkowany proces konstruowania pamięci kulturowej w ramach zobiektywizowanej symbolicznie i wysoce ustrukturyzowanej narracji odnoszącej się wprost do religii chrześcijańskiej, która z jednej strony wykraczała poza indywidualne doświadczenie członków lokalnej wspólnoty, a z drugiej odpowiadała aktualnym potrzebom społeczno-kulturowym.

EN

The phenomena related to natural disasters and acts of war, bringing significant destruction and material losses, usually left an indelible mark in collective memory and identity of early modern era societies. This class of phenomena included a particular type of military-business activity of Tatar hordes, specifically long-range pillage raids, which ravaged and weakened demographically the south-eastern territories of the Polish-Lithuanian state from the late 15th to the end of the 17th century. Since military operations conducted by Tatar hordes were asymmetrical in nature, focusing on civilian communities, mostly in rural areas, they constituted an existential threat to the communities living there. This stemmed from the impact of such unconventional military operations, which included catastrophic damages to buildings and economic infrastructure of attacked villages, as well as significant demographic losses, suffered by local populations. Thus, Tatar slave raids have left a permanent mark in the collective memory of victim communities. The author utilizes a broad base of source materials dating back to 17th and 18th century, including narrative sources, visitation files of Latin Przemyśl diocese, treasury and tax sources, to focus on the transformation process of communicative (generational) memory into cultural memory. The latter began to form around mid-18th century, when the last generation that directly witnessed Tatar pillage raids started dying out. Cultural memory is understood here – after German cultural studies scholar and Egyptologist Jan Assmann – as exteriorized and objectified memory of the given community about its own traumatic past. It is transmitted through textual sources and oral tradition, often supported by various “places of memory”, both material and intangible with great symbolic potential, such as legends, folk tales and songs. It seems that figures of key importance in transforming local communicative memories into cultural memory were the representatives of local intellectual elites, most often Catholic priests. Their activities, referring to the sacrum-profanum dichotomy and the providentialism idea, popular in the 17th–18th century Commonwealth, indicate a socially conditioned process of forming a cultural memory within the framework of symbolically objectified and highly structured narrative, relating directly to Christian religion, which on one hand transcended individual experience of the members of local community, and on the other, responded to current social and cultural needs.

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Doświadczenie inwazji tatarskich w narracjach ludowych i pamięci zbiorowej jako niematerialne dziedzictwo kulturowe Polski południowo-wschodniej

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Gliwa A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

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issue 1

53-73

EN

The present area of the south-eastern Poland (Podkarpackie Voivodeship) belonged to these parts of the Kingdom of Poland, and from 1569 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which for several centuries, from late Middle Ages to the end of the 17th century, were affected by extremely destructive Tatar invasions. For several centuries Tatar military expeditions to the Polish and Lithuanian territories that aimed at robbing and terrorising local population were an excellent tool used by the Crimean Khanate, and also periodically by the rulers of the Ottoman Empire who employed subordinate Nogai tribes, for forcing the kings of Poland to pass special fees and levies, which was guaranteed in Polish-Ottoman and Polish-Tatar peace treaties. These fees, referred to as “gifts”, were a relic of the Mongol and Tatar supremacy over Ruthenian territories in the times of the Golden Horde. A long-term threat of rapacious invasions of the Tatars from Crimea and Budjak and their catastrophic economic and demographic effects were not the only consequences of the military activity of Tatar hordes on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This multi-dimensional and periodically very intensive impact of Tatar cavalry raids must have caused the formation of a specific cultural discourse and collective memory reproduction processes in communities that were threatened existentially, exploited economically and drained demographically. The strength and remarkable durability of the collective memory of Tatar attacks is primarily a result of such factors as distance and strangeness of aggressors in terms of civilization, culture and religion, but the specific character of the activities carried out by the Tatars was an even more important factor that generated collective memory of the attacked community. A characteristic feature of Tatar operations was the application of asymmetric warfare consisting in concentration of operational efforts in the civil sphere, which was reflected mostly in conducting expropriating operations and taking the defenceless people, mainly from rural areas, into captivity. Collective memory related to the historical phenomenon of Tatar invasions has been preserved in legends, songs, sayings, folk proverbs and beliefs transmitted from generation to generation in local communities (oral history) and in specific elements of religious ceremonies. A characteristic feature of these traditional records, despite their quite considerable diversity in form and content, was the presence of the idea of providentialism, a belief in particular care of God over the Commonwealth and the communities of the faithful that were threatened by the attacks of hostile forces. The above-mentioned historiosophical vision was not only popular among the nobility and bourgeoisie, but also among the broad group of the peasant population, and slightly later penetrated into their awareness by means of the parishes of the Catholic as well as the Orthodox, and later the United Church. The narrative structures of the legends frequently contain motives of wonderful divine interventions, often associated with the devotion to the Virgin Mary and supernatural meteorological phenomena that saved lives and freedom of people and brought salvation for cities and villages threatened with destruction. There are also many legends with moral and educational content, which refer to the figures of renegades who, during Tatar attacks, betrayed and shared their knowledge with hostile troops for various reasons. From the social point of view, an important role of legends and folk stories related to Tatars was their therapeutic and compensating role as well as an inscription of Tatar threats into the existing system of terms and values. It should be emphasized that collective memory of the Tatar attacks was strengthened, consolidated and reproduced also due to the symbolism present in iconography of sacral buildings and in the local cultural landscape in the form of roadside shrines, crosses and mounds. The product of synergistic connection of influences of intangible and tangible memory carriers, which interconnect by using a dialectically complicated intergenerational communication network, was a creation of collective memory, consolidated by means of official historical and religious discourses that constitute its social frame. Durability as well as catastrophic economic and demographic effects of Tatar invasions caused the situation where the contacts between the peasant population of the Commonwealth and the warriors from Crimea and Budjak became a border experience and foundational trauma that affected the formation of identity of local communities as a confrontation of different values and lifestyles originating from different civilization and cultural circles. For this reason the centuries of nomad invasions, which were in fact a dramatic, intercultural conflict and “the clash of civilizations”, may be defined – following the concept of Pierre Nora – as one of the central and symbolic “places of memory” (lieu de mémoire), having a multi-dimensional impact on the Polish culture.

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Powstawanie lokalnych kultów maryjnych i świętych patronów na Rusi Czerwonej po najazdach tatarskich jako dyskurs religijny w Rzeczypospolitej epoki nowożytnej

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Gliwa A.

Tematy i Konteksty

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2014

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issue 4(9)

380-400

EN

From the late Middle Ages to the end of the 17th century the collective memory of the population in the south-eastern territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was shaped by the traumatic events associated with the Tatar invasions. An important part of that collective memory in this part of the Polish-Lithuanian state was religious discourse characterized by “the long term”, which was closely intertwined with the contemporary philosophy of history and the idea of providentialism. Durability and stability of this discourse in the historical and social perspective was a consequence of the cultural and religious alienation of the Tatars among the settled Christian communities and their of use of asymmetric warfare. Religious discourse manifested itself on the one hand in the rapidly growing Marian devotion, which resulted from the belief in the care of the Virgin Mary becoming over time more and more common in social consciousness, and on the other hand in the emergence of the cults of patron saints whose intercession was supposed to lead to supernatural interventions in defence of the faithful. In this way, religious discourse fulfilled a very important social role by strengthening psychological adaptation mechanisms, which played a key role in the communities affected by violence, mass terror and fear.

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1 Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Tematy i Konteksty

3 Gliwa A.

1 2020

2 2014

Mieszkańcy wsi Hyżne wobec zagrożenia tatarskiego w XVII stuleciu na tle międzypokoleniowej pamięci komunikatywnej i pamięci kulturowej

Doświadczenie inwazji tatarskich w narracjach ludowych i pamięci zbiorowej jako niematerialne dziedzictwo kulturowe Polski południowo-wschodniej

Powstawanie lokalnych kultów maryjnych i świętych patronów na Rusi Czerwonej po najazdach tatarskich jako dyskurs religijny w Rzeczypospolitej epoki nowożytnej