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1

Kształcenie architektów a konserwacja zabytków

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1982

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issue 3-4

169-173

EN

At the begining the autor discusses individual stages of teaching architects saying that not only they have to coordinate and unite various skills and disciplines but also to combine* two qualities: a mathematical accuracy of technics and imaginativeness and inspiration of art. Hence only 10 per cent of the students become future architects. The studies take five years but that is too short. Further on in the text the author ponders on the history of architecture and monuments conservation when compared to intramural studies from the thirties until this day. According to him, an overwhelming majority of architects working in Poland have been educated as advocates of functional architecture and they will be operating to the end of the first quarter of the 21st century at least. After discussing a programme of lectures on the history of architecture and monuments conservation the author proposes to extend studies by means of post-graduate training and doctor’s theses. A graduate of Architecture Department employed in a state-owned monuments conservator workshop should, at first, work on a building site (for 1 or 2 years) and then to have a training course in the Workshop of Architectural Studies (further 1—2 years), and finally in the Design Workshop. An incentive for creative work should be architectural contests on conservation subjects. Post-graduate studies were undertaken for the first time in 1971 in the Warsaw Technological University at the motion of state-owned monuments conservation workshops. A few years ago the PostGraduate Training Centre for the Studies on Architectural Monuments was brought to life in the Warsaw Technological University. The studies there last one year, although they should last 2 years at least. The authors suggests to establish the Post-Graduate Institute for the Renewal of Historic Towns, in which studies would last two years. In conclusion the author puts forward the most important proposal, namely that incentives should be created for selftraining of architects in the field of monuments conservation by the establishment of appropriate specialization degrees for conservators, granted by a highly qualified independent commission, depending on the attainments of the candidate, his training and examination result. Attention should also be paid to a clear specification of degree’s specializations required for individual posts and due remuneration.

2

Ochrona zabytków o wartości ponadnarodowej

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1986

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issue 3

167-168

EN

Quite frequently, traces of material activity of one tribe, nation or state can be found on the territory of the other state. This may happen when a tribe or state no longer exists, or when as a result of a territorial shift the monuments of one state have found themselves on the territory of the other, or when conquered territories have regained independence. Such consideration is important for it is generally felt th at numerous time-honoured objects, especially these of the highest value, have an all-human meaning, which was reflected in the international legal act adopted by UNESCO in 1972 — the Convention for the Protection of the World's Heritage. Above remarks will be illustrated by the example of Poland, the country situated on open, buffer areas of Central Europe Lowlands, which has experienced many wars and border changes until it finally lost its independence for over one hundred years in the end of the 18th century. Formerly, for some centuries my country was a multinational state and this character of historic Poland, a country of varied yet merging culture is a good basis for a tolerant attitude to non-Polish relics and to their protection as supranational value. The oldest traces of human activity and castle-towns originated in the times when there was neither Polish nation nor Polish state, are carefully protected and viewed with interest paid not so much to our history as Poles but as people. It is, basically, of no consequence whether the relics come from peoples quite foreign to us, or whether they are linked with, for instance, Lusatian culture of the M id dle Bronze Age, in which many researchers see preslav traits. Even the later castle-towns of the second ha lf of the first millenium A.D., or those from the beginnings of Polish statehood meet with much the same response as those of foreign origin. They similarly benefit from high, well established prestige of archaeology. In Poland we come across Polish and foreign medieval towns, churches and castles, some of which, like the castles of the knights of the Teutonic Order, used to be points of support for numerous invasions for Poland and Lithuania. Yet, even Malbork (M arienb urg), the seat of the Grand Master of the Order, is as a state museum protected and subject to conservation works. Time distance has much d iminished the emotional differentiation of Polish and non- Polish monuments of the medieval material culture, and the high and well-established prestige of the Gothic art still ennobles them. Similar attitudes take place in regard to the objects erected during renaissance, mannerism, baroque or classicism, ■’Hhough Polish national feeling has developed since the 16th century. At that time numerous artists from Bohemia, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany and France were active in Poland and worked under Polish sponsors. Many of those artists became polonised and in the most of cases their works were influenced by Polish culture, which, apart from those of the West, used to be under oriental influences caused by many wars with the Turkish power. Even the peculiar costume of Polish gentry was a result of Turkish influences coming through Hungary. European artistic streams of those Imes like renaissance and mannerism were transformed in the first half of the 17th century into Polish, almost popular mannerism, while baroque became a characteristic of Polish landscape. Similarly, the classicist style originating in ancient Greece had attached a typical element of porch to Polish gentry manor. Likewise, in spite of dangerous wars with Turkey there existed cultural links with that country, and Swedish fo rtific a tions from the period of Polish-Swedish wars of the 17th century are received with much interest and care. It seems that if a long time has passed since a war with another country, a spontaneous felling of friendship arises, such as that between Poland and Turkey, or Poland and Sweden. Recently, friendship and cooperation is developing between Poland, the USSR and the German Democratic Republic, marked with by the brotherhood of socialistic countries fig h ting for peace, in spite of wars in the past. In the 19th century, after the loss of independence due to partition of Poland, the three foreign powers erected on our territory numerous constructions, especially huge fo rtification systems. They were constructed by Polish workmen, engineers, or even officers in foreign service, yet their pe rception is not focused on that aspect. It is rather their fo regin character th a t is paid attention especially due to the fact that they were in many cases erected against the Poles, and after the Uprisings were used as prisons of Polish patriots. But despite of such painful links even those fo rtifications are now protected as examples of the high level of European military engineering, and in some of them museums of national martyrology have been established. They have remained untouched, unlike La Bastille during the French Revolution, and they constitute subject of research, and are covered by care and conservation works. There are other numerous examples of protection of foreign cultural values in Poland. I personally remember a small but meaningful event from the first year after the end of the 2nd World W a r when the wounds made by the German fascism were still fresh and painful. Professor Guerquin (of French origin), a dedicated Polish patriot active at th at time in Wrocław told me that at a conservators commission, composed obviously of only Poles, he succeeded in getting additional funds to rescue a monument because it was constructed by an outstanding German architect. The pa lace in Kornik near Poznań, a masterpiece by a grea t German a r chitect Karl Friedrich Schinkel is being carefully protected; moreover, the most precious Polish handwritings and a n cient prints are stored there, which is a testimony of a symbiotic national and supranational feelings. Such e x am ples can be multiplied especially in respect to sacred b u ildings. Not only the Roman catholic churches are under protection, but also Greek and Russian Orthodox ones. Similarly, the Protestant temples and synagogues are protected, as well as Islamic mosques, some of which can be found in Poland. The same concerns cemeteries, especially Jewish and Protestant (the latter on the regained te rritories) since they are associated with population, the rema inders of which have been left in Poland. I would like to emphasize that in this field assistance or rather full-scale actions of the state are necessary in order to protect them. _ With Tull esteem for the values of ≪Polish culture and its significance for our national identity we pay due respect to the culture of other nations and to supranational, European and all-human values of many works of art, which is a b a sis for the links between nations, cooperation and common struggle for peace.

3

Ratujemy zabytki

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1957

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issue 1

1-5

4

Udział społeczeństwa w rewaloryzacji Starego Portu w Montrealu

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1983

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issue 3-4

178-183

PL

An interesting experience of recent years in Canada is the influence exerted by the society on the elaboration of the Master Plan for Le Vieux-Port in Montreal, for which the federal administration tried to find new forms of use after its port functions had been transferred onto a new place. In order to consult the society the Association of Le Vieux-Port has been brought to life; it has numbered nearly 1.000 individual members. Moreover, a number of various social organizations also participated in it. The Association had the Executive Committee and the Council which kept close and regular consultations with all members and inhibitants, expressed their opinions and affected a programme concept and form of the Master Plan. Various forms were employed to convey the information to the society, just to mention exhibitions, materials distributed amongst inhibitants and press, interviews in radio and tv, public conferences and meetings, and finally guided tours on the site of the port. Consultations also varied in their form: polls, encouragement to letters and opinions, open public conferences and design workshops, discussions with inhibitants and social groups. The Association passed the test; meetings were held every two weeks for nearly two years and decisions were made jointly. It was for the first time in Montreal that so different social groups cooperated for such a long time and achieved a common goal. The most important input of the society in this undertaking is the idea of gradual changes, evolutional but not revolutionary, as are often introduced by architects. The Association proposed strategies, and not the Master Plan. For the time being they supported a maintenance of functions combined with the port itself and suggested to commence a reneval in the most suitable unused parts. They specified in detail priorities, but just as a renewal process will go on for some time, the Association envisaged only elementary guildelines thinking that it should not be decided today what people of 1995 would like to have. The Association has proved that there is a possibility of a sound and creative cooperation of inhabitants in controlling the development and transformation of their own town.

5

O uznanie prawa zabytku dla fortyfikacji nowożytnej

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1956

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issue 1-2

3-17

6

Sesja popularnonaukowa na temat twierdzy modlińskiej

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1978

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issue 1

81-82

7

Opracowanie trwałej ruiny Pałacu Ujazdowskiego w Warszawie

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1967

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issue 1

3-18

FR

Le Château d’Ujazdôw à Varsovie se range parmi les résidences de première classe érigées au XVIle siècle en Pologne. Sa construction fut entreprise vers 1619 sur l’ordre du roi Sigismond III Waza. Par deux fois l’on procéda aux remaniements fonciers du château, notamment dans la deuxième décennie du XVIIIe siècle — les transformations apportées par le roi Auguste II Wettin et dans la septième décennie de ce siècle — par le roi Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski. Après 1780 le château subit une nouvelle transformation: il est amétiagé en caserne selon des plans établis par l’architecte Stanislas Zawadzki. Au XIXe siècle il est affecté au service d’un hôpital militaire. Brûlé par les Allemands au cours de la deuxième guerre mondiale, le château a subit, quelques années plus tard, un démontage partiel de ses ruines. La conservation du château en état de ruine, malgré que sa conception actuelle semble déroger des principes de l\êcole anglaise à ce sujet, constitue en Pologne un premier essai de leur mise en réalisation, en tenant compte toutefois des conditions spécifiques de notre pays e t de l’état dans lequel se trouve le monument considéré. Les murs du rez-de-chaussée se sont conservés jusqu’à une hauteur de plusieurs dizaines des centimètres en comptant à partir du plancher qui provient du XVIIe siècle. Des transformations consécutives ont troqué l’ordonnance simple des intérieurs contre un enchevêtrement complexe des pièces et des corridors desservant de nombreux locaux. Le dessin des murs conservés, pour éviter d’en faire une mosaïque de lignes compliquées a dû être sensiblement modifié afin de le rendre lisible. En procédant donc au selectionnement des murs, l’on a profité de la stratification chronologique, faisant ressortir, à 1’ aide de la hauteur différenciée des murs, l’ordonnance la plus frappante celle de l’époque des Waza (XVIIe s.) Les murs qui en relèvent ont été conservés jusqu’à 60—80 cm d’hauteur tandisque les constructions ultérieures n’arrivent qu’à 15—20 cm d’ hauteur. En débarassant les caves de leurs murs de refend, construits plus récemment, l’on a dévoilé la belle ordonnance des pièces recouvertes de voûtes retombant sur des piliers. La grande superficie du château, dont les murs forment actuellement comme un dessin en „bas-relief”, a conditionné la recherche d’un point de repaire assez haut placé pour donner une vue de la ruine, pour ainsi dire „à vol d’oiseau”. A ces fins, un monticule des gravois a été élevé un peu en retrait de la ruine, abrité des deux côtés par la verdure, pour ne pas constituer une dominante à part contrebalançant l’effet de la ruine. Sur le petit plateau, surplombant le monticule, une représentation plastique du château est prévue. Sa disposition serait parallèle à celle de la ruine vue d’en haut. En comparant la ruine et la reconstruction représentative du château, les touristes pourront plus facilement comprendre quelle était l’ordonnance des murs, leur échelle et l’aspect général du monument. Conformément aux principes anglais de la conservation des ruines, celles-ci ont été incrustées dans une verdure coupée au ras du sol, rigoureusement enlevée des murs et des soubassements. Les parois des murs ont été refaites et ravalées de façon à les rendre étan-: ches. Une modification aux principes anglais, qui d’ailkurs se fait voir également dans certaines ruines en Angleterre, a été apportée par des sentiers tracés le long du parcours touristique &t par l’introduction du pavement de la cour, conformément à son état historique. La stratification chronologique des murs grâce à laquelle l’ordonnance de la ruine est plus lisible, ainsi que l’étude détaillée des conditions du tra fic touristique et la construction du monticule surplombant la ruine pour en obtenir une vue d’ensemble, tout ceci constitue un développement des procédés anglais dans ce domaine. Il en est de même en ce qui concerne le projet de la verdure haute pour le site environnant, conçu sur deux plans, l’un géométrique, pour mettre en lumière l’aménagement axial de Stanislas Auguste (XVIIIe s.), l’autre, libre pour la verdure qui encadre et isole la ruine. En ce qui concerne la reconstruction, réduite d’ailleurs au stricte nécessaire, l’on s’est servi d’un matériel nouveau qui diffère légèrement du matériel originaire: la brique contemporaine. Pour les nouveaux éléments de l’aménagement, ceux du service touristique par ex., ils furent exécutés en matériel nettement différent: béton armé et acier.

8

Konserwacja ruin w Anglii

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1958

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issue 3-4

227-242

9

Społeczeństwo i zabytki

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1984

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issue 4

233-235

EN

Social development embodied in historical monuments, the sense of existence not only in space but also in time, is an important factor forming the national and cultural identity of a people. During the Second World War Polish historical monuments were extensively depleted. As soon as the war was over, along with the reconstruction of buildings and bridges, re-cultivation of fields, there began the reconstruction of monuments and the reconstruction of the Old Town in Warsaw became a symbol. Recently the Old Town has been included in the World Heritage listing the most outstanding historical monuments all over the world. The same situation exists in other countries whose cultural heritage has been impaired. Everywhere the social process of democratisation is accompanied by the tendency to increase constantly the range of historical monuments. * More and more frequently even objects of modest value are included to make theoverall picture of material and spiritual culture complete. It has already been achieved that entire landscape enclaves come under protection, the monuments of culture and nature are preserved together in large landscape reserves. The successive stages of our national history gradually become mature enough to envoke the approval and interest of society. Thus1, in recent years, the 19th century architectural complexes have come into focus. This can also be accounted for by a deeper social need fostered by the world-wide weariness, dissatisfaction and frustration with the vast expanse and complexity of modern architecture, with large structures on an inhuman scale constituting a too abrupt breach in the continuity of the cultural environment in which people have developed over several thousands of years. New architecture of postmodernism reverts to the tested and more human scale, the mood, so much so that it makes use of historical forms, sometimes reaching pastiche. The current renovation of old dwelling-houses also constitutes an important issue as regardR the protection of monuments. This problem involves not only historical monuments but also building engineering as such.

10

Konserwacja fortyfikacji bastionowej zamków XVII-wiecznych

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1959

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issue 2

88-100

11

Ochrona i konserwacja obiektów inżynierii i architektury związanych z historią wojskowości

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1978

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issue 2

126-128

EN

In Poland there are to be found, apart from numerous monuments o f Polish fortifications, also some interesting instances o f foreign defence systems. These include Prussian fortifications o f the 18th century, the Napoleonic ones o f the early 19th, Russian, German and Austrian o f the late 19th and early 20th century and the Soviet and German defences dating from the Second World War. They represent, not infrequently, high standards o f engineering and architecture, their value exceeding the national scale of significance. The Conservator General of Historical Monuments appointed, in September 1976, a Committee on the Problems of Protection and Conservation o f the Monuments of Military Engineering and Architecture. The members o f the Committee are representatives o f the Ministry o f Culture and Art, Ministry of National Defence and experts in the fields concerned. The aim of the Committee is setting this complex question in order, due to initiation o f large- scale surveys in various spheres, archival research and field work indispensable to synthetic studies which will provide for concentration o f means an d efforts on preservation of the most valuable o f those monuments and protection of the remaining ones.

12

Wstępne wyniki badań architektoniczno-historycznych zamku ogrodzienieckiego

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1977

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issue 1-2

44-45

EN

The author describes in brief the findings o f historical research and field work carried out at Ogrodzieniec. The history o f the 15th century Castle o f Ogrodzieniec is described in outline, with special emphasis laid on the changes occurring in its architectonic mass. In this connection mention is made of the general expansion of the Castle (1532—1547) started by Seweryn Boner (the northern wing, the well, tower, gatehouse chained bridge, etc.) and carried on until the end o f the 16th century. The author also describes the Castle rooms dating from that time and makes an attempt at reproduction o f their Renaissance decoration.

13

Trwała ruina zamku ogrodzienieckiego - próba adaptacji angielskiej szkoły konserwacji ruin

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1977

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issue 1-2

31-44

EN

The English method o f the preservation o f ruins is discussed by the author against the background o f the work on conservation o f the remnants o f Ogrodzieniec Castle. In the case discussed, one had resigned from the picturesqueness o f the ruins, i.e. from the covering o f vegetation which they once had and removed it, the former Castle having been cleared o f rubble down to its original level. What was applied in conservation o f the coping of the walls was not, however, the old limestone used in England but rock-stone more resistant to Polish weather conditions. Moreover, no lawns were laid out in the original open level, the whole area concerned having been covered with concrete slabs with stones. Unlike in the English method, much attention was paid in the proceedings involved to exposition o f the ruins and their adjustment to tourist traffic. At the same time integrated archaeological, historical and architectonic research was initiated. Another essential aspect o f the conservation proceedings discussed was the tendency to make the ruins more ’’legible” by way o f separation o f the old material from the new in consonance with the principle that the old farms and material denote the historical parts and the new ones — new facilities intended for tourists. The castle sightseeing route has been provided with special surface, gangways, stairs, etc. It is also worth stressing that, in agreement with the Charter o f Venice, no reconstructed parts have been incorporated in the ruins discussed.

14

Wspomnienie o profesorze Zachwatowiczu - konserwatorze zabytków

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1984

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issue 2

86-87

15

Ochrona zabytków i muzealnictwo w Polsce : stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1987

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issue 3

159-163

EN

In the past four decades Poland has noted major achievements in the field of monuments' protection. A vast number of monuments, destroyed during the war, have been rebuilt and new museums opened. (In 1945 Poland had 20 museums, while in 1986 — 528). The artistry of Polish conservators has gained them renown not only in Poland but also abroad. Each year 1,500 structures are subjected to renovation; still, quite a lot of monuments are waiting for conservation intervention. Much has been done with regard to inventorying the monuments. 260,000 monuments of architecture and building as well as nearly 1,400 towns, 5,000 parks, 3,000 cemetries and 90,000 archaeological sites have been registered. Despite unqestionable achievements there still exist many problems that make difficult the work on monuments’ protection and museology. The present article sets out proposals for their solution.

16

Zamek w Krzepicach

100%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1959

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issue 3-4

185-207

17

Cytadela Warszawska

75%

Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1959

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issue 3-4

249-267

18

Ściana południowa centrum Warszawy : studium projektowe rewaloryzacji zespołu zabudowy z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX w.

63%

Gruszecka K., Gruszecki A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1983

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issue 1-2

20-43

EN

The present report is a complex design study in which possibilities of the renewal of housing estates from the turn of the 19th and 20 th centuries have been investigated. The examined group of three quarters is situated in the very centre of Warsaw between Jerozolimskie Avenue, Marszałkowska, Nowogrodzka and E. Plater streets, opposite the Palace of Culture and Sciences, a railway station and a future airport depot. These 19th-century housing estates represent one of few authentic examples that have survived in Warsaw in their original form until today. In the first place we should mention here a central quarter with a chess- board arrangement of cramped w e ll-like courtyards typical of the building policy in that period. The renewal plan has been worked out by a team under direction o f dr A. Gruszecki at Architectural Department of the Warsaw Higher School of Technology (Politechnika) upon the recommendation of the Capital Monuments Conservator. This complex is to provide an important element in the structure of the centre of the town by integrating two new complexes of concentrated servicing, i.e. the so-called East Wall at Marszałkowska street and the West Wall along E. Plater street, just under construction. The inclusion of the 19th-century buildings into a ’’c ity ” system has resulted in a need to develop there services, as this used to be mainly a housing region. Thus, a renewal plan had to take into account a number of problems: to preserve historic values of three blocks of flats situated between two complexes of modern housing estates, which finely enriches the centre’s landscape; to increase a scope of services (shops, crafts, culture), and at the same time to improve housing conditions. The first stage of the presentation were research analyses of the present condition. A historical study has been prepared and summed up with conclusions on conservation problems. The buildings have been described in a chronological order (dating); their period and local values have been brought to the fore, with a spatial arrangement of the interiors and elevations treated separately. Details of the interiors and courtyards in the middle block of flats have been recorded and evaluated. This was necessary for making decisions on the location of services in attractive premises. All storeys were included into a recording study. \ state o f ownership was also examined. In the majority of cases these are state-owned flats, although in the recent years more and more tenants tend to buy them up. It has been thus specified which flats, when bought up, may escape a programme of renewal. The study covered also a technical condition of buildings, their elevations, constructional and installation e le ments. A degree of wear has been determined in per cent in c o m p a r i s o n to new buildings ox their elements. Repair costs of individual objects have been estimated. A particular attention has been paid to the analysis of the existing condition, talking into account environmental contamination (air, noise), insolation, demographic al and socioiogiai aspects as w e ll as insolation o f the courtyard at different hours of the day. For the first t ime in Poland, time of insolation for each particular storey has been examined. This enabled the best use of the houses in different arrangements for living purposes. Demographical studies on the size of flats and density structure provided a picture of an uneven distribution of inhabitants in the examined quarters. This o ffers material important for design purposes. Sociological studies have made it possible to base design proposals on the opinions of inhabitants, in particular with regard to arduousness of the environment, requirements in the field of services, recreation and emotional links with the existing houses. Basing on the results of the studies a comprehensive picture of cultural and technical conditions was drawn, thanks to which if was possible to make decisions on spatial transformations. The n ex t stage of the work were design outlines. 6 variants were prepared ranging from minor spatial changes to re la tiv e ly major demolitions, resulting from an analysis of historic values. After a public discussion one o f the variants was chosen as a basic concept and two other variants were left for further more detailed elaboration. A new renewal design envisages for a multi-level, partia lly underground, garage to be b u ilt-in into the inside of the quarter at E. Plater street. At the quarters situated at the side of Jerozolimskie Avenue a large number of hotels and pensions as well as catering institutions is to be set цр; blocks of flats at Nowogrodzka street w ill be left and crafts repair shops will be opened on the ground floor. Two intersecting trading passage runs designed at two levels, partially in old and partially in new buildings raised in the place of pulled down outbuildings of not much value are to be introduced into the central quarter. The idea behind it is to have a shopping centre concentrated at Jerozolimskie Avenue, while cultural institutions will be in the inside of the quarter. Nowogrodzka street will house crafts institutions. The courtyards and e x tensions of the passage runs w ill be used for sports facilities, play-grounds et.e. As for the outside part, it is postulated to carefully preserve and restore the original appearance and details of the 19th-century buildings, with a superstructure in a modern style harmonizing with that of the British Institute. New additions in the insides w ill be modern. For the central quarter variant I has been prepared; it preserves an original chess-board arrangement of roofs by treating them partially as an open-work and by opening the space underneath, which gives better insolation and airing of the inside of the buildings. According to variant II all w e ll-lik e courtyards are to be maintained in the central quarter, shallowing them partly by putting roofs at the height of the first floor. The preservation of the former spatial arrangement in the entire quarter results in much worse conditions for the man and this applies mainly to housing conditions.

19

Ruina jako obiekt turystyczny : koncepcja zabezpieczenia i udostępnienia na przykładzie kościoła NMP w Chojnie

63%

Gruszecki A., Widawski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1965

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issue 2

5-22

FR

Le pro jet présenté dans ce compte-rendu et concernant la conservation de l’Église Notre-Dame à Chojna 'en forme de ruine permanente * constitue une solution-modèle, ayant pour but en même temps de sauver le monument e t de le ren d re accessible aux visites des touristes. Le projet fu t précédé par des recherches scientifiques. Ce sujet a été tra ité déjà avant la guerre dans un article dont l’auteur Voss considérait le bâtiment en question comme unité rep a rtie suivant les époques de sa construction, notamment en p artie orientale consacrée en 1407 et en partie-occidentale terminée en 1459. En résultat des recherches architecturales e t archéologiques effectuées sur pla ce par la Faculté de l’A rchitecture à Varsovie (Chaire de l’Architecture Polonaise) au cours des années 1960—1962 on a prouvé que l’ancienne tour é ta it probablement antérieure au corps principal de l’église et constituait un é lé ment de l’église du XlV-ème siècle connue jusqu’ici uniquement par des notes historiques. L ’église du XVe siècle fu t érigée probablement sur l’emplacement de la précédente dont la tour fu t annexée au nouvel édifice et surélevée d ’un étage au cours de son adaptation. L’église du XVe siècle se range parmi les monuments de haute valeur artistique et son architecture accuse des affinités avec les oeuvres de l’atelier d’Henri Brunsberg dont probablement elle est issue. A la fin du XVe siècle fu t annexée à cette église la chapelle St. Anne. Dans les siècles suivants la toiture de la tour a changé de forme. En 1859/61, après l’écroulement de l’an cienne tour on en éleva une autre à sa place, haute d e 95 m., néogothique, remaniée par suite ein 1932— 1933. Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle l’inté rieu r de l’église fu t également reconstruit et en cet é ta t l’édifice est conservé jusqu’à la seconde guerre mondiale pendant laquelle les voûtes et les toitures fu re n t détruites en grande partie. Les murs quoique endommagés se sont conservés en général ju sq u ’à la corniche du couronnement. É tan t donné que l’église post-conventuelle du voisinage suffisait aux besoins du culte, il n ’y av a it aucune prémisse pour procéder à la reconstruction de l’Église Notre-Dame. Toutefois la haute valeur artistique de ce monument étant reconnue, on n e pouvait le laisser tomber en ruine sans entrep ren d re des mesures de protection. C’est pour cela qu’on adopta, en fin du compte, la solution de sa conservation à l’aspect de ruine en p ro je tan t d ’en ouvrir l’accès aux touristes. Le projet s’allie p a r sa conception à la meilleure des écoles de conservation contemporaines soit d it à l’école anglaise. Ses principes de base fu re n t su ivis de près compte tenu toutefois de certaines modifications nécessitées par des conditions spécifiques de notre climat. Donc, le principe selon lequel les murs ne doivent pas être reconstruits sauf quand l'exige l'é ta t technique de l’ensemble, n ’a pas pu ê tre suivi à la lettre. Le programme prévoyait la reconstruction p artielle des voûtes et des balustrades des tribunes pour ren d re possible les visites des touristes. On appliqua les principes anglais suivants: refection des m u rs e t des mortiers, à la surface; relèvement des planchers à leur niveau primitif; enlèvement des plantes e t de la mousse des murs, pour incruster l’ensemble de la ru in e dans le cadre de la verdure environnante. Dans le projet de l’aménagement des pelouses on introduisit certaines modifications. Compte tenu des difficultés d’en tretien d ’un gazon de verdure sans sentiers on p ro je ta de poser su r le chemin des visiteurs des dalles en béton dont les interstices seraient envahis par la mousse. Ce genre de tro tto ir semble être meilleur que les sentiers de gravier employés p ar les Anglais en prévision d’un trafic touristique animé. Le programme de l’aménagement des plantes hautes en ta n t que décor plastique de la ru in e n ’est qu’un développement de l’école anglaise selon laquelle la conception d ’un fond de verdure de plantes hautes à l'ex térieu r de la ruine ne fu t pas envisagée. Les principes anglais se trouvent complétés p a r un soulignement voulu de la ligne des interventions conservatrices, à l’aide d’un liant distinct ainsi que par une repa rtition d u bâtiment suivant la chronologie de sa construction. L ’attention fu t toutefois portée surtout à la p rép a ra tio n des services e t du mouvement touristique, dont les itinéraires fu re n t élaborés d’avance comme dans le cas des musées. On p ré para pour les touristes des postes de „prise de vue” et, pour g aran tir la continuité du mouvement to u ristique, on projeta deux cages d ’escalier supplémentaires, une en béton armé, l’au tre en acier. Outre les visites touristiques coutumières on a prévu des itinéraires spéciaux pour les historiens de l’a rt et pour les conservateurs. C’est ici que fu re n t e x posés les vestiges concernant la rép a rtitio n chronologique du bâtiment et les procédés de sa conservation. Pour principe général on adopta l’adjonction d’éléments exécutés dans un matériau nouveau de forme différenciée, quoique en harmonie avec le site historique. Comme matériau po u r les éléments nouveaux é tait prévu: le béton armé, la brique en silicate e t le fe r graphie, tandis que les délabrements dans les parties du bâtiment conservées seraient comblés p a r les matériaux récupérés.

20

Propozycja metody sporządzania miejscowych planów szczegółowych dla obszarów o wartościach kulturowych na przykładzie śródmieścia Grudziądza

51%

Gruszecki A., Guranowska-Gruszecka K., Szerszeń J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1980

|

issue 1

15-43

EN

The present report which is a kind of a study and o f a plan is the competition work that has been awarded the 1st prize in the strict competition o f the Society o f Polish Town-Planners in 1978. The object o f the competition was to work out a method o f drawing detailed local plans for the areas with cultural values and to verify it on the example of Grudziądz. This problem has gained lately in importance in Poland; the number o f works on the revalorization o f the areas with cultural values has grown in an avalanchelike way. Different approaches have been adopted, some o f them very interesting. There exists however a need to standardize elaborations and to adopt principles that might be applied not only in the towns o f great historic interest but also in the average ones which make the most numerous group. Grudziądz, situated on the lower Vistula in the Pomerania, is a medium-size town (92 thousand inhabitants at present). Despite individual highly valued historic monuments, its mediaeval outline and an imposing panorama o f mediaeval granaries, the town was rebuilt in the 19th century in such a way that nowadays it is regarded as a town o f an average historic value, although its 19thcentury buildings undoubtedly deserve some interest. The basic assumption o f the presented method is a complex re" cognition o f the town, and especially o f its conditioning and cultural and natural environment, which is in line with tendencies adopted at the UNESCO general conference held at Nairobia in 1976. Such a recognition makes it possible to understand characteristic specific features o f the town and to draw proper conclusions on its present and future development that should offer a harmonious continuation o f the ages-long history and traditions o f the town. The article describes a complete proposal o f the studies and elaborations, partially already in use and partially suggested for the first time. It is the most comprehensive and complete proposal that has ever been pushed forward in Poland. The proposal combines into a standardized system the elaborations pertaining both to town-planning and to a specific cultural and monumental character o f the area. It has been agreed that the level o f exactness of the elaboration should depend upon cultural values o f the complex and its elements. To this end the reports have been divided into three groups denoted with letter symbols: FUNDAMENTAL (P) — obligatory for every settlement unit o f historic merit, PARTICULAR or SPECIALISTIC (S) — obligatory only for certain more significant units or their parts and FUNDAMENTAL — PARTICULAR (PS) which may be carried out to a different extent: more general (then they have a quality o f a fundamental report) and particular. The phase ” 0 ” envisages the gathering of materials on three groups o f problems. The first o f them are guide-lines from supreme plans o f land development, guide-lines o f economic planning bodies and o f the Voivodship Monuments Conservator, and finally o f the Nature Conservator. The second group covers all sorts o f recording including a technical condition o f the buildings, their utilization, proprietorship, density o f population, technical infrastructure and communication system. It is also suggested that at that stage a study should be carried out o f the cultural environment with a chronological stratification and local valorization (a cultural consiguration o f the area, greenery, water system, roads, streets, fquares and buildings). Analyses and studies for a draft plan will be prepared in the 1st stage. They cover the following problems: climate, a record o f lands (with postulates on the protection o f arable lands), a sub- -terranean structure o f the area, a geological study recording o f the natural forms o f land configuration, an ecosphere o f the natural plant environment, contamination and arduousness o f the environment, isolation (with regard to selected housing interiors or floors at individual tiers), studies o f the landscape o f the historic complex as a whole as well as o f the interior o f streets and squares, a record of green plots, a kind o f the covering o f streets and squares, building materials, roofs’ shapes and covering, studies on the colouring o f buildings with a chronological stratification in order to find out the colouring o f urbanistic interiors, a study record of historic forms o f buildings’ interiors, details and equipment, an analysis o f a local character of existing buildings and shaping the new housing constructions neighbouring historic and traditional complexes, a spatial structure o f the complex with a delineation o f plots, basic horizontal and vertical communication and height of building structures (the isolation o f the complexes spatially uniform), a historical functional structure o f the town, historical lines o f its development, illumination o f the urban interiors as well as signs and advertisements, tourism (general guide-lines for the region or a detailed analysis with a specification o f routes of sight-seeing). A collective analysis o f the hitherto materials and elaborations is envisaged at the end o f this phase and also suggestions on the verification o f plans at a higher level as well as a specification o f the assumptions for a local fundamental plan. A variant rendering o f the plan will be worked out in the 2nd stage, explaining also functional and spatial links between the area covered by the plan and the adjoning lands. The third phase will consist in elaborating a proper draft plan based on a chosen variant o f the conception. In view o f long-term revalorization processes a detailed plan should rather have a character o f a strategic plan than o f a detailed draft. An attempt has been made to work out for the plan a new form o f urbanistic recording which would be more flexible and at the same time would offer a possibility for a more complete rendering o f these elements, the execution o f which in a proposed form and with a given function is considered indispensable. The plan contains conservation guide-lines in the field o f protection zones, structures to be preserved, endangered structures that require an immediate intervention, areas destined for housing construction with definite requirements as to the structure, dimensions and bordering lines as well as losses to be made up, with a specification o f the principles o f their shaping and also a delineation o f areas and buildings o f different utilization and a possibility to operate with groups o f joint functions, and finally a delineation o f communication, greenery and water systems. A detailed scope o f the information and mode o f its representation have been given in a legend of the draft (1:1000) translated into English. Moreover, it has been proposed to prepare a report on the staging and mode o f execution, with a specification o f technology and sort o f executors for the nearest stage. Endeavours have been made to ensure that studies and elaborations will be simple for the realisation by less specialized groups, taking into account a present situation when there are only high- class specialists and many towns that wait for revalorization plans.

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