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PL
The article contains an analysis of the treaty policy of the Republic of Poland and the Czech Republic. A properly executed treaty policy is a condition of good mutual relations and, as a part of a foreign policy, is responsible for ensuring the best possible conditions on the international arena for the development of a state in all possible directions. In other words, good neighborly relations between the Republic of Poland and the Czech Republic depend on a reasonable treaty policy. The article presents a few areas of bilateral cooperation, including borderline agreements, agreements on national minorities, security and defense, economic agreements, agreements on cultural and cross-border cooperation, and the agreements on legal issues in 1993–2011. The article presents also the agreements that are part of succession of the treaty policy that the Republic of Poland concluded with the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and also analyses international agreements that were ratified both by the Polish and the Czech states. The thesis on the Polish involvement in developing the treaty base with the Czech Republic is validated.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14761
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PL
Initially, treaty politics based on the law of treaties was created exclusively of customary norms. During the process of superseding custom with international agreements, treaties and other documents that contain norms based on treaty authorisation also started to be viewed as the sources of international law. In the political and legal doctrine, the notion of a treaty was interpreted in various manners, due to, among others, the reduced objective scope of treaties. A significant input into the understanding of treaty politics was made by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of March 25, 1969, which caused that the place and meaning of custom in the international law ceased to be questioned. An element essential for the development of custom is practice, which should be long enough; however, it is difficult to pinpoint the precise length of the required period. It is possible to unambiguously state that customary law may function alongside treaty law of the same content.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14760
EN
After 1989, the Polish reason of state was the accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union. After achieving this, it was necessary to redefine the reason of state. Polish reason of state on 1 May 2004 was focused on creating optimal conditions for the safe development of the state and society. The problem arises when the Polish reason of state becomes competitive to the other EU member states. This dispute is a theoretical as appearing in the statements of the representatives of the Polish reason of state government has been criticized by other members of the EU and practical when Polish reason of state is being transformed into concrete proposals for the EU. Until 2012, there were several such disputes, which usually ended in consensus. It should be noted that most of the disputes about the Polish reason of state at the EU appear when there is the desire to reform the institutional and functional EU as a whole.
PL
Po 1989 roku polską racją stanu było wejście do struktur NATO oraz UE. Kiedy cel ten został osiągnięty, trzeba było na nowo podjąć działania na rzecz redefinicji tego pojęcia. Polska racja stanu po 1 maja 2004 roku dotyczy tworzenia optymalnych warunków bezpiecznego rozwoju państwa i społeczeństwa. Problem pojawia się wtedy, gdy polska racja stanu staje się konkurencyjna w stosunku do racji stanu innych krajów członkowskich UE. Spór ten ma charakter teoretyczny, gdy pojawiająca się w wypowiedziach przedstawicieli rządu polska racja stanu spotyka się z krytyką pozostałych członków UE, oraz praktyczny, gdy polska racja stanu przekładana jest na konkretne propozycje dotyczące funkcjonowania UE. Do 2012 roku pojawiło się kilka takich sporów, które kończyły się zazwyczaj konsensusem. Należy zauważyć, że najczęściej spory o polską rację stanu na arenie UE pojawiają się w momencie chęci przeprowadzania reform instytucjonalnych czy funkcjonalnych UE jako całości.
EN
The article discusses the importance of issues of multilateral treaties in the history of Europe since 1945. It is when a large number of international organizations were launched, including those that were regional like European Communities/European Union. The author tackles the issues of multilateral agreements between countries and international organizations and the European Union, that have been grouped according to scope. Verification of the scientist problem resulted finding that multilateral treaties are undeniable urge to regulate new areas of relationships, but they do not replace the bilateral relations between the countries. Evidenced by the increase in the number of bilateral agreements together with the increasing number of multilateral agreements.
EN
A treaty of association is a bilateral international agreement concluded between the European Union and a concrete individual state, whose aim is to develop mutual relations of the economic and political character. The first association agreements related exclusively to the economic sphere. Later they started to permeate other spheres, including political ones. Along with the evolution of the regulations of treaties of association, signing of such an agreement began to be perceived as one of the stages on the road to a state’s membership of the EU. Apart from this, the group of non-European states affiliated with the EU includes the following: overseas countries and territories, states of the Mediterranean Basin, African states, those of the Caribbean and the Pacific. The main goal of the association is to form lasting mutual relations which allow existence of a defined type of relations between the Community – currently the European Union – and a state which is not its member. In other words, association is one of the forms of the external activity of the European Union.
PL
Artykuł porusza zagadnienia analizy nowych zapisów ustawy o wyborach deputowanych do Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy z 17 listopada 2011 r. w kontekście gwarancji zasady alternacji władzy. Autorki stawiają pytanie o to w jakim stopniu nowe zapisy ordynacji wyborczej zapewniają zasadę alternację władzy a w jakim stopniu prowadzą do monopolu partii rządzącej. Autorki rozstrzygając postawiony we wstępie problem badawczy, doszły do wniosków, że specyfiką ukraińskiego systemu wyborczego jest z jednej strony częściowe zagwarantowanie zasady alternacji władzy, z drugiej wyraźne dążenie partii rządzącej do utrzymania jej monopolu. Daje to podstawy twierdzić, że przykład ten możemy traktować jako pewnego rodzaju hybrydę między antynomicznymi punktami continuum.
EN
The objective of this article is to attempt to analyse the new regulations in The Law of the Ukraine in Elections of People’s Deputies of Ukraine of November 17, 2011 in the context of the guarantee of compliance with the principle of alternation in power. The authors ask questions is the answer to the following question: To what extent do the new regulations in electoral law guarantee the principle of alternation in power and to what extent do they contribute to the monopoly of the ruling party. Considering the research problem presented in the introduction it is necessary to state that, on the one hand, partial guarantee’s of the principle alternation in power is a characteristic trait of the Ukrainian electoral system, while on the other hand, aspiration of the ruling party to maintain its monopoly is also fairly evident.
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