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Impact of Tense on the Interpretation of Bi-Aspectual Verbs in Czech

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Chromý J.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
87-97
EN
This paper is concerned with the interpretation of the so-called bi-aspectual verbs in contemporary Czech. In the first part, a theoretical account of bi-aspectual verbs in the aspectual system of Czech is introduced and three main areas of the research of bi-aspectual verbs are identified: (1) formation of bi-aspectual verbs, (2) mono-aspectualization process, (3) functioning of bi-aspectual verbs. In the second part of the paper, a simple but efficient method for the analysis of the interpretation of (borrowed) bi-aspectual verbs and a pilot experiment on the interpretation of Czech bi-aspectual verbs are presented. It has been found that the tense of the verb is a very strong factor which influences the interpretation of bi-aspectual verbs: there is a significant tendency to interpret present tense form as imperfective and past tense form a perfective. There are other factors which play an important role in the interpretation of the bi-aspectual verbs. Based on the results, we suggest that these are (at least) semantics of the verb (i.e. the difference durative vs. instantaneous) and subject number.
CS
Studie se zabývá interpretací tzv. obouvidových sloves v současné češtině. První část pojednává z teoretického hlediska o postavení těchto sloves v rámci vidového systému češtiny a identifikuje tři hlavní oblasti výzkumu obouvidových sloves: (1) vznik obouvidových sloves, (2) proces vidového vyhraňování, (3) fungování obouvidových sloves. V druhé části článku je představena jednoduchá a efektivní metoda analýzy interpretace (cizích) obouvidových sloves a prezentovány jsou rovněž výsledky pilotního experimentu zaměřeného na interpretaci obouvidových sloves v češtině. Ukazuje se, že velmi silným faktorem, který ovlivňuje interpretaci obouvidových sloves, je gramatický čas slovesa: existuje silná tendence interpretovat obouvidová slovesa v přítomném čase jako nedokonavá a v minulém čase jako dokonavá. Interpretaci obouvidových sloves ovlivňují i další faktory. Předkládané výsledky poukazují na to, že těmito faktory jsou (přinejmenším) sémantika slovesa (tj. rozdíl durativní vs. instanciální sloveso) a číslo subjektu.
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Předmět gramatického výzkumu a jeho závislost na teoretickém rámci

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Chromý J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2020
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vol. 103
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issue 1-2
5-10
EN
The paper discusses problems which stem from the following question: what is the goal of grammatical research of a certain language? Three main problems are uncovered: (1) the “grammatical system” is a theoretically bounded construct, (2) various approaches differ in what they account for and what they leave out of the description and (3) certain research methods are often cannot be directly linked to a particular theoretical framework, which is related to the problem of the “conversion rules” between the results and the theory and may also lead to a change in the framework under the influence of the method. Based on these problems, three questions are raised: (1) what is the best solution to these problems (provided there is one), (2) are these problems principal or temporary and (3) do we really need to look for a solution to these problems while doing grammatical research. The paper tries to find an answer to these questions and argues that the current diversity of approaches and aims in the research of language and its use is universally beneficial.
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Zdvojená slovesa v současné češtině

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Chromý J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2013
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vol. 96
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issue 2
78-85
EN
This paper presents an analysis of so-called double-paradigm verbs (muset – musit, bydlet – bydlit, myslet – myslit, šílet – šílit, kvílet – kvílit and hanět – hanit) in contemporary Czech which is based on data from two Czech corpora: SYN2010 and SYN2009PUB. There is a common assumption in the literature that these verbs are classified as having two distinct paradigms: a “prosit- paradigm” and a “sázet-paradigm” (or in some cases a “trpět-paradigm”). The analysis shows that this assumption is false for contemporary Czech. It is shown that these verbs behave differently: muset, kvílet and šílet are used according to the “sázet-paradigm”, myslet and bydlet according to “trpět-paradigm” and the verb hanět is even more specific (present forms are used according to the “prosit-paradigm” and infinitive forms vary between the usage of stem suffix -e- and -i-). It is thus demonstrated that these verbs do not form a distinct category in contemporary Czech.
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Koncepce stylotvorných faktorů v československé lingvistice: rozbor, kritika, nástin řešení

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Chromý J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2012
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vol. 95
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issue 2
57-70
EN
The article presents an overview of research on style-forming factors in Czechoslovak linguistics. The conception of style-forming factors was unique at the time of its introduction, but it has not been developed much since then. The article identifies the following problems with this conception: (1) The processual domain of style is not examined; (2) Factors are derived from the resultative domain; (3) It is not clear what particular factors influence and to what extent; (4) Some factors are complex and they could be broken down into partial factors; (5) There is no limit to what can potentially be a style-forming factor. The article offers a possible solution to these problems: experimental research on style-forming factors.
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Vliv jazykových faktorů na užívání protetického v- v pražské mluvě

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Chromý J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2015
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vol. 76
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issue 1
21-39
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the intralinguistic factors which influence the usage of prothetic v- in the Prague vernacular. The analysis is based on linguistic interviews (each approximately 1 hour long) with 18 native Prague vernacular speakers between 20 and 30 years old. The material comprises a total of 3359 instances of the variable. Based on a binomial mixed model, it is concluded that the usage of v- is best explained by these predictors: gender, token length (counted in phonemes), prefixation, word class, the position of the variable (at the beginning vs. inside the word) and borrowedness of the word. On the other hand, phonological variables did not show any effect. A comparison of these data with the data from a study by Pavel Jančák (1974) suggests that the usage of v- in the Prague vernacular is on the slow decline.
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The use of prothetic /v/ by older speakers in Prague

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Chromý J.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2015
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vol. 51
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issue 2
203-225
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyze linguistic factors which influence the usage of prothetic /v/ in speech of older speakers in Prague. The analysis is based on informal 1 hour long interviews with 17 speakers (9 women, 8 men) from Prague aged between 60 and 71 years. All of the speakers were born in Prague and they lived there for most of their lives. Altogether, there are 2769 occurrences of the variable (v): 538 /Ø/ and 2231 /v/. It can be seen that the speakers in the sample prefer using the prothetic /v/. Based on a generalized linear mixed model, we show that the use of (v) is influenced by word frequency, presence of a prefix and borrowedness of the word. Other variables do not fit in the model. If compared with older data by Jančák (1974) and the recent data on younger speakers from Prague by Chromý (2015), it can be seen that there is a change in progress in the use of (v) in Prague and that the prothetic /v/ seems to be on slow decline.
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Přístupy ke zkoumání jazykové variace a česká jazyková situace:

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Chromý J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2014
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vol. 97
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issue 1
1-12
EN
This paper reviews the possibilities of analysis of linguistic variation in Czech. First, we focused on dialectology and variationist sociolinguistics as two disciplines which look at language variation from the perspective of language production. We argue that traditional dialectology is oriented towards the in-breadth description of language variation and it offers a convenient method to register differential features, especially lexical items and items which are in decline. On the other hand, variationist sociolinguistics aims for an in-depth analysis. It is concerned primarily with the phonological and grammatical variation and tries to explain it on the basis of its relation to the social stratification in the given society (community). Perceptual dialectology and the research on language attitudes analyze language variation from the perspective of both language perception and its evaluation. They are based on the idea that our linguistic behaviour is co-determined by our subjective perception of the language use. We argue that for a better understanding of the Czech linguistic situation, we need to utilize findings from all of these disciplines.
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Korpus a reprezentativnost:

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Chromý J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2014
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vol. 97
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issue 4-5
185-193
EN
This paper discusses the concept of representativeness in corpus linguistics. Representativeness is a concept used in empirical, quantitative science and it is a characteristic of the relationship between the sample and the population. It is argued that the population for the standard supposedly “representative” corpora of a whole language cannot be defined. The population could be reliably defined only for specialized corpora (e.g. corpora of newspaper texts), hence only this type of corpora could be truly statistically representative. The paper also discusses the idea that we could think about representativeness from the perspective of particular linguistic items instead of from the perspective of the whole language. It may be the case that the same corpus is representative for the use of one item and, at the same time, not representative for the use of another item.
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Důvěryhodnost politiků jako sociolingvistický fenomén

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Chromý J., Dufek O.
Naše společnost (Our Society)
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2012
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vol. 10
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issue 1
29-39
EN
The article is divided into three main parts. In the first part, an overview of scholarly views on trust/trustworthiness is provided. The second part is concerned with the issue of how the politicians’ trustworthiness is measured by contemporary research agencies. In the third part, the experiment on politicians’ trustworthiness utilizing a new method is reported. This method is based on indirect questioning and it builds on the hypothesis that the more trustworthy a politician is, the more people will agree with his statements and consider them seriously. Four parallel questionnaires were employed. The first questionnaire (N=53) contained 10 short fictitious quotations and subjects were asked to rate them according to their solidness, acceptability, and positivity, and they were asked to say to what extent did they agree with them. Five of these quotations were used in the next three questionnaires (N=48;47;42) and the names of five Czech politicians (K. Schwarzenberg, A. Vondra, R. John, V. Filip and B. Sobotka) were attached to them. No name was attached to the same quotation twice. Respondents were divided into four independent groups and each group responded to one questionnaire. The independent two-sample t-test was used for the comparison of the ratings and 20 statistically significant results were obtained. This means the method could be one of the keys for a better future understanding of such a complex notion as the trustworthiness of politicians is.
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Experimentální zkoumání stylotvorných faktorů: první výstupy

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Chromý J., Milička J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2012
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vol. 95
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issue 4
181-187
EN
The paper introduces an experiment on the role of preparedness in writing. The experiment took place in 2010. Participants (N = 51; students of Charles University in Prague) were randomly divided into two groups: group N (N = 24) and group P (N = 27). Their main task was to describe the plot of a short animated film Quest. Group N started to write right after seeing each part of the film, group P had 5 minutes to prepare. Significant differences in the sentence length and number of revisions were shown between the two groups. It is claimed that preparedness is a valid styleforming factor, i.e. it influences both the process and the result of writing. Furthermore, the same method could be used for the analysis of the role of other style-forming factors in the writing process.
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