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PL
Artykuł ten odnosi siȩ do znaczenia w jego aspekcie pragmatycznym. Analiza przeprowadzona została na podstawie frazeologii rosyjskiej i polskiej zawierającej waloryzację emocjonalną ujemną i dodatnią. Praca ta może być pomocna w rozwiązywaniu problemów związanych z etykietami leksykograficznymi proponując nowy system etykiet ekspresywnych. Autorzy uważają, że waloryzacja emocjonalna może być zdefiniowana w terminach cech względnie obiektywnych. Niniejszy artykuł proponuje również nowy typ klasyfikacji jednostek frazeologicznych mający za podstawę GLT (grupy leksykalno-tematyczne).
EN
The present work investigates the pragmatic aspect of meaning based on Russian and Polish phraseology with positive and negative emotional evaluation. Such kind of investigation helps to resolve various problems with lexicographical marks and create a new improved system of expressive marks. The authors think that the emotional evaluation can be defined with quite objective characteristics. It is offered the new type of classification based on GLT (lexical-thematic groups).
FR
Le présent travail concerne l’aspect pragmatique de la signification. Il est basé sur la phraséologie russe et polonaise qui contient une évaluation émotionnelle négative ou positive. Cette recherche se veut une aide à la résolution de plusieurs problèmes relatifs aux étiquettes lexicographiques en proposant un nouveau système d’étiquettes expressives. Les auteurs considèrent que l’évaluation émotionnelle peut être définie en termes de caractéristiques relativement objectives. Le travail offre un nouveau type de classification des unités phraséologiques basé sur les GLT (groupes lexico-thématiques).
EN
This paper presents the results of a phonetic study on the occurrence of transition elements in Polish fricative + nasal clusters. A n acoustic study was carried out using the CSL system, with simultaneous observation of the waveform, spectrograph, glottal waveform and glottal pulses. T he results reveal differences in glottal activity depending on place of articulation of the fricative and in its duration with respect to the extent of glottal vibration. Differences in the glottal activity pattern and the transition elements between the fricative and the nasal were also observed. In the fricative-nasal limit three phenomena were found: a voiceless interval, a voiced interval and the absence of any transition element. It was also observed that the occurrence and the characteristics of the transition interval depend on the place of articulation of the fricative
EN
The processes of economical, political and cultural integration to the European Union lead to the creation of a large area of interrelation among a large number of societies with different cultures and languages. This means that the traditional communication areas which have so far lived in some functional monolingualism will find themselves located in a unique interrelation process. One of the goals mentioned in the European Council documents is to promote the unity among the European societies and, at the same time, to preserve the current cultural and linguistical diversity. In the present paper we analyse the reasons for which it is necessary to protect the linguistical diversity and outlight the need to protect the European regional languages. We stream the importance of education in the “multiidentity” through the mutual knowledge of various languages and cultures which coexist in the European interrelation space. 
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