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EN
Maximus the Confessor is one of the first authors who use the term perichoresis. What is more important, facing monophysitism and monotheletism he defines the fundamental terms, such as substance, hypostasis and nature. On the base of these formulas he develops his doctrine of two natures in one hypostasis, underlining that we cannot use the terms: fu¢sij su¢nqetoj, mi¢a a¥plw¤j fu¢sij or mi¢a su¢nqetoj fu¢sij in relation to Christ. The only proper term is u¥po¢stasij su¢nqetoj - Son of God consubstantial with Father and with all human beings
EN
The origin and nature of human soul, as well as the time when it appears in the body, were and still are problems difficult to solve. Saint Maximus the Confessor in his Ambigua gives us answer for these questions. The author shows how Confessor rejects three main theories of ancient philosophy (platonic, aristotelian, stoic). Soul, according to Maximus, from its very beginning, which is simultaneous with the conception of body, is rational because it comes from God.
EN
Deification is the central idea in St. Maximus the Confessor’s teaching. St. Maximus explains this mystery using the idea of logos of existence, which in his understanding means divine ideas and all beings. The deification of man is possible thanks to the mysterious relationship that exists between the Divine Logos and the Logos of Creation. The teaching of followers is based on the differentiation of three crucial terms which connect ontology and divine economy of salvation: logos of being, logos of well-being and the logos of eternal being.
EN
Maximus the Confessor combined rich philosophical traditions with a theological heritage, but he also presented his own original vision of the role of man in the universe. A coherent cosmological and anthropological system becomes the basis for the fundamental  human responsibility for the universe within the divine economy. Maxim recognizes that man is not only the microcosm, but also the mediator, between creature and Creator. Analysis of the Confessor’s works allows us to conclude that since the ultimate aim of the universe is its deification, the mission entrusted to man is to recognize this purpose and to participate in its realization.  
PL
Maksym Wyznawca łączy szeroko rozumianą tradycję filozoficzną z dziedzictwem teologicznym, ale także zawiera własne, oryginalne tezy dotyczące roli człowieka we wszechświecie. Spójna wizja kosmologiczna i antropologiczna stają się podstawą najgłębszej, wpisanej w ekonomię zbawienia, odpowiedzialności człowieka za wszechświat. Maksym rozpoznaje w człowieku nie tylko mikrokosmos, ale także pośrednika między stworzeniem i Stwórcą. Analiza dział Wyznawcy pozwala nam stwierdzić, że skoro ostatecznym przeznaczeniem wszechświata jest przebóstwienia, to zadaniem powierzonym człowiekowi jest rozpoznanie tego najgłębszego celu istnienia wszechświata i współuczestnictwo w jego urzeczywistnieniu. 
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PL
W artykule porównano teksty Apologii Eunomiusza i traktatu Adversus Eu-nomium Bazylego Wielkiego. W rezultacie wykazano, że traktat Bazylego to ty­powe refutatio, w którym autor punkt po punkcie odpiera argumenty przeciwnika, a w swych odniesieniach jest, jak na zwyczaje antyczne, niezwykle dokładny. Bazyli systematycznie cytuje mniej więcej jedną trzecią tekstu Apologii, a fakt pominięcia niektórych rozdziałów da się uzasadnić poprzez strukturę dzieła Eunomiusza lub kontekst historyczny. Wyjątek stanowią rozdziały 21-24, w których Eunomiusz analizuje problematykę substancji i działania. Wydaje się, że Bazyli celowo omija trudny dla niego temat, z którym jeszcze nie jest w stanie się zmierzyć.
EN
This article presents a comparative analysis of Eunomius’ Liber Apologetius and Basil of Cesarea’s Adversus Eunomium. As a result, we can discover that Basil wrote his treatise as a typical refutation and is quite precise when refer­ring to Eunomius. Despite some omissions that can be explained basing on the structure of The Eunomian work or historical context, we can find one important omission which is strongly connected with one of the most important topics of the anti-Eunomian polemic. Although Basil pretends to comment Eunomius’ Liber Apologeticus systematically, he deliberately skips one of the most important ele­ments of his adversary’s teaching.
EN
Maximus the Confessor points out that Adam’s sin totally changed the mode of existence of human nature, which has since been proliferated via procreation involving sensual pleasure. The focus on sensual pleasure is the prima­ry consequence of Adam’s sin. Sensual experiences are not sinful as such though they are particularly vulnerable to Satan’s temptations. It is particularly dangerous when our will is weakened and inclined to choose evil. That is why Maximus links pleasure with suffering and death which are consequences of Adam’s turning to pleasure – pleasure which at the same time caused his separation from God. Despite of passibility, corruption of will and death, which directly affect human nature, there are other consequences of Adam’s sin that involve the universe as a whole. These are five divisions which destroy harmony in the cosmos: the di­vision between man and woman, created and uncreated, sensual and intelligible, earth and heaven, settled world and paradise.
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Unter den Patrologen dauert eine Diskussion über der Authentität des Traktates De inani gloria et de educandis liberis von Johannes Chrysostomus. Oft stellt man das Argument, dass ein Zusammenhang mit dem Text De liberis educandis von Pseudo-Plutarchos möglich ist. Die Autorin hat zum Ziel gründlich erforschen die Inhaltsbeziehungen. Die Problematik- und Stillanalyse zeigt, dass die gemeinsamen Motiven charakteristisch für die ganze griechisch-römischen Tradition über die Erziehung sind. Darum gibt es kein Grund für die Ausübung des Einflusses des Pseudo-Plutarchos auf Johannes Chrysostomus.
EN
The article presents how Maximus as Christian and philosopher understands death and eternal life. First of all, Confessor connects death with original sin and separation from God. In another meaning death is for him separation of body and soul, so that our life becomes continues preparation for death. Another important problem presented is if and how different elements of human being (intellect, soul and body) would cooperate in eternal life. Author presents Maximus’ attitude towards the conception of apocatastasis and shows that there is no place for such conception in Maxim’s writings. The last important problem presented in the article is deification understood as union with God (not only human beings but whole creation united with Creator) and Sabbath, which is the end of all movement and rest in God.
PL
Chociaż koncepcja niepoznawalności Boga zawsze była w Kościele obecna, to w pierwszych wiekach bardziej istotne było ukazanie Boga bliskiego dzięki łasce i wcieleniu. W IV w. wyraźnie widać zmianę w akcentach i roli przyzna­wanej niepoznawalności Boga przez Ojców. Nie wzięło się to znikąd, ale było ściśle powiązane z kontrowersją eunomiańską, która jest nie tyle częścią polemiki ariańskiej, co osobnym rozdziałem w historii teologii. Wykazujemy w artykule, że podstawą różnic między Aecjuszem i Eunomiuszem z jednej strony a Ojcami Kapadockimi z drugiej były przyjęte przez nich filozoficzne założenia. Zarówno koncepcja osób boskich jak i zagadnienie poznawalności Boga wynikają z prze­konania o pochodzeniu nazw: Eunomiusz wierzył, że nazwy zostały stworzone przez Boga, natomiast Ojcowie Kapadoccy utrzymywali, że to człowiek nadaje rzeczom nazwy. Różne założenia doprowadziły ich do różnych wniosków: Eu­nomiusz uważał, że nazwy oddają istotę rzeczy; Ojcowie, wręcz przeciwnie, byli przekonani, że człowiek nie jest w stanie poznać rzeczywistości, nawet siebie sa­mego. Obie strony zastosowały swoje założenia do możliwości poznania Boga, co nieuchronnie doprowadziło do dwóch rozbieżnych koncepcji: Eunomiusz uznał istotę Boga za całkowicie poznawalną, ojcowie – za całkowicie niepoznawalną.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present assumptions for the project “Implementation of the educational programme ‘Politics-Religion-Security. Conflict and attempts to resolve it’ basing on international cooperation” (POWR.04.03.00–00–0013/18). The project is carried out jointly by three entities: Saint Nicolas Foundation, Warsaw University and Centro Studi Medì in Genoa, Italy. The second purpose of this paper is to document the fragmented information about the Project with a view to the future use of its potential, both with respect to implementation as well as its scientific and educational aspects. The third aim of this paper is to promote the described Implementation Project and the Educational Programme “Politics-Religion-Security. Conflict and attempts to resolve it”.
EN
The article is a presentation of the teaching materials which were one of the key elements for the preparation and implementation of the training module under the project: “Implementation of the educational programme »Politics – Religion – Security. Conflicts and attempts to resolve them« basing on international cooperation.” This publication is made up of the following parts: presentation of the main assumptions of the project; presentation of entities involved in the implementation of the project; description of ideas underlying the project and its objectives (“Issues”); discussion of the contents of twelve sets of teaching materials (textbooks) and academic documents (syllabuses) developed by project promoters. The educational program prepared by the authors has been dedicated to Polish students – project participants. The project has been aimed at preparing its participants for their future roles as employees or employers effectively functioning in the religiously and culturally diversified labour market. Having this objective in mind, twelve sets of teaching materials have been profiled, which address issues covering the time space from the Antiquity until the present. These issues are linked with: biblical texts; ancient Greek philosophy and tragedy; the legal and political situation of first Christians; the Church at the late Antiquity; the medieval project of uniting Europe; modern times and ideologies; modern sources of totalitarianism; the religious dimension of political ideologies; relations between the Church and nationalists; contemporary Catholic social teaching.
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