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EN
One of the symbols of the Great French Revolution was the Declarations of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen-a document adopted by the National Constituent Assembly on August 26, 1789, collecting fundamental rights and the constitutional principles of a democratic state. It later became a lofty introduction to the 1791 constitution. The French had yet to receive two declarations, attached to the following basic acts-from 1793 and 1795. Their content was different, and even when some of their rights were repeated, they often differed in their approach, which indicated the changing ruling teams, their political programs, and their social background. In addition to indicating the differences between the three declarations, the article shows in particular the inspirations of the first (most important) of them-basically the influence of the Enlightenment thought and the declaration of the laws of the states of North America. The author draws attention to the differences between the American and French approaches to human rights. Despite the fact that after 1795 no further declaration of rights was ever made in France, the achievements of the Great French Revolution, and especially the 1789 document, remain today a point of reference for democrats in France and all over the world.
PL
Artykuł opisuje tworzenie i treść regulacji prawnych w II Rzeczypospolitej dotyczących szczególnej instytucji, jaką były fideikomisy familijne, nazywane na ziemiach polskich ordynacjami rodowymi – niepodzielne majątki ziemskie znajdujące się w rękach rodzin arystokratycznych, wyłączone z ogólnych zasad spadkobrania, z ograniczeniami w zakresie m.in. rozporządzania i obciążania. Autor dowodzi, iż na legislację w tym względzie miała wpływ ówczesna polityka agrarna oraz próby uregulowania reformy rolnej. Ordynacje rodowe postrzegano w szczególności jako relikt feudalizmu sprzeczny z porządkiem konstytucyjnym oraz polityką dążącą do oparcia struktury rolnej na średniej i drobnej własności oraz podniesienia przez to statusu społecznego i ekonomicznego ubogich mas polskich włościan. Autor opisuje postulaty polityczne w tym względzie, kolejne akty prawne tworzone przez legislatywę oraz towarzyszące temu dyskusje parlamentarne.
EN
The article describes the creation and content of legal regulations in the Second Polish Republic regarding a special institution, which were family fideicommissa (entails), called in Poland ordynacje rodowe – indivisible estates in the hands of aristocratic families, excluded from the general principles of inheritance, with restrictions in the field of, i.a., disposition and charging. The author proves that the legislation in this respect was influenced by the then agrarian policy and attempts to regulate the land reform. Family laws were perceived in particular as a relic of feudalism contrary to the constitutional order and a policy aimed at basing the agricultural structure on middle and small property and thus raising the social and economic status of the poor masses of Polish peasants. The author describes political postulates in this regard, successive legal acts created by the legislature and the accompanying parliamentary discussions.
EN
The article is a continuation of the dissertation on constitutional projects of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The first part concerned his reform work for Corsica, while the second part presents concepts prepared for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Both projects were written for a specific orders – from a Corsican conservative nobleman Mathieu Buttafoco and the Bar Confederates. The comparison of these works, as well as their reference to earlier works by Rousseau, gives the opportunity to look at the evolution of the philosopher’s views, his attempt to adapt them to specific social, political and historical conditions. The less radical tone of the proposals for Poland is noteworthy. It is also necessary to answer the question of what made him want to deal with the affairs of both lands.
PL
In the Age of Enlightenment, the concepts of legal reforms were often proposed by literary men, publicists and philosophers. The vision of a breakthrough was exciting – they believed in the benevolent power of new, just regulations that would heal humanity, eradicate exploitation and social inequalities. Jean Jacques Rousseau, one of the most famous but controversial thinkers of the era, thought in a similar way. The dissertation concerns his two constitutional projects - written for Corsica (Part I) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Part II). The first part presents events that decided that the philosopher from Geneva dealt with the issue of a small island in the Mediterranean, trying to consolidate its barely won independence. However, the focus is on the very concepts of the political and social system planned for Corsica by Rousseau, referring them to the previous works of the thinker. His radical solutions expressed his broader views on civilization, the state, law and people. In part II of the article, they will be confronted with the project prepared for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
PL
Powstałe w 1807 r. Księstwo Warszawskie dawało szansę nie tylko na odzyskanie niepodległości przez Rzeczpospolitą, lecz także nadzieję na zreformowanie ustroju i prawa pod kątem liberalnych haseł rozprzestrzeniających się wówczas po Europie, choć co do tego nie było zgody wśród elit młodego państwa. Wielu Polaków wywodzących się z warstw szlacheckich przywiązanych było do utrwalonych przez wieki (i korzystnych dla siebie) stosunków społecznych i prawnych; z niechęcią przyjęło narzucenie Księstwu liberalnej konstytucji w listopadzie 1807 r., podobnie jak epokowego pomnika prawnego, za jaki bez wątpienia uznać należy Kodeks Napoleona, wprowadzony na terytorium Księstwa w maju 1808 r. W szczególności obawiano się zrównania w prawach warstw dotąd upośledzonych, a mianowicie chłopów i Żydów. W rezultacie konserwatywnym kręgom rządowym udało się znacznie zminimalizować skutki ustanowienia w konstytucji i w kodeksie cywilnym zasady równości wobec prawa.
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