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1
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'Setna' - Simple Theory of Norms and Actions

100%
Trypuz R.
Filozofia Nauki
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2008
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vol. 16
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issue 3-4
155-175
PL
In the first systems of deontic logic obligatoriness, prohibitiveness and permissibility were features of actions. It was a very natural choice, corresponding to the way in which these concepts were used not only in natural language but also in Law and Ethics. It's well known that contemporary systems of deontic logics do not deal with actions any more. They are simply deontic logics of propositions providing for deontic qualification of states of affairs. Such an approach, although might be useful for instance in Computer Science (especially in security applications, where there is a need of expressing that a certain state of machine is, say, permitted and the other is forbidden), is inadequate for modeling norms of Law and Ethics (and possibly norms of many other fields). In this paper the Simple Theory of Norms and Actions (in short: Setna) is proposed. It is inspired by the first deontic logics, i.e. it's deontic operators take names of actions as their arguments. Additionally this theory has as its part a theory of actions which has not been taken into account in deontic logic until now. Enriching deontic theory with a theory of action gives an account for expressing dependencies which hold between the deontic properties and some other properties of actions. For instance Setna states that two actions that cannot be carried out simultaneously in the same situation should not be both regulated as obligatory-an agent would not be able to follow such a law.
2
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O NAZYWANIU PRZEDMIOTÓW – CZYLI JAK TADEUSZ KOTARBIŃSKI UCZY ROZUMIEĆ ONTOLOGIĘ STANISŁAWA LEŚNIEWSKIEGO

100%
Trypuz R.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 1
37-51
EN
This article presents an attempt to fund Ontology of StanisOaw Leeniewski on a simple theory with one primitive relation “being denoted by”. Developed theory shows that to the linguistic model of the Ontology can belong only such general names that in their extensions have at least two objects (references) denoted by individual names.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą ufundowania małej, elementarnej Ontologii Stanisława Leśniewskiego na prostej teorii relacji „podpadania przedmiotu pod nazwę”. Skonstruowana teoria pokazuje, że do lingwistycznego modelu Ontologii mogą należeć tylko takie nazwy ogólne, które maja co najmniej dwa desygnaty mające swoje nazwy indywidualne.
3
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Bits and Entities: On an Unnoticed Application of Ontology

63%
Trypuz R., Garbacz P.
Filozofia Nauki
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2007
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vol. 15
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issue 3
121-140
PL
In this paper we are focused on the relation between an Ontology (with the capital "O") qua philosophical discipline and an ontology (with the lowercase "o") qua branch of Computer Science. In our view "Ontology" refers to all philosophical groups or schools which take some position on the reality. The meaning of 'ontology' in the second case is not that easy to grasp because of the variety of artefacts which are called 'ontologies' and many activities - aiming at creating the ontologies - called ontological engineering. In general we could state that an ontology is something what is called "ontology" beyond Philosophy, mostly in the Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence, Conceptual Modelling or Ontological Engineering and what refers to an engineering artefact describing certain aspect of reality. So understood ontology is always tied to certain language (preferably a logical one) or more precisely to the set of the sentences of this language. It is said that these sentences constitute an ontology and specify the intended meaning of the terms used in these sentences. The ontologists usually focus on describing their conceptualization of the relevant for them aspects of reality. In their ontologies only these properties of reality are taken into account, which are considered as important for the sake of the application. In this sense ontological engineering may ignore Ontologically essential properties, i.e. the ones important from the purely philosophical perspective. The simplest ontologies are catalogues - the list of terms or numbers denoting certain object, glossaries - containing additionally the definitions of the terms, thesauri - the glossaries in which the hierarchy of the terms appear and taxonomies - in which the primitives are hierarchically structured in order to enabling the properties' inheritance. The most sophisticated ontologies are called formal ontologies and they are logical theories fully axiomatized. Ontologies are also divided on the top-level ontologies concerning very general and mostly abstract entities (e.g. property, agent, time) and the domain ontologies dealing with some small domains (e.g. car's parts). For a better understanding of the wide variety of ontologies we give an example of three ontologies: WordNet (thesaurus-like ontology), Cyc (top-level, formal ontology) and Enterprise Ontology (domain ontology). The Ontology plays an important role in ontological engineering. We notice that the ontological engineers more and more often rely on the philosophical literature looking for the solutions of the ontological problems. It is especially visible in the top-ontologies where many Ontological distinctions have been directly adopted. On the other hand we must sadly stress that philosophers seem to be not interested in the ontological engineering at all. We'd like to introduce ontology to t
4

A Norm-Giver Meets Deontic Action Logic

63%
Trypuz R., Kulicki P.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
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2011
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vol. 20
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issue 1-2
59-72
EN
In the paper we present a formal system motivated by a specific methodology of creating norms. According to the methodology, a norm- giver before establishing a set of norms should create a picture of the agent by creating his repertoire of actions. Then, knowing what the agent can do in particular situations, the norm-giver regulates these actions by assigning deontic qualifications to each of them. The set of norms created for each situation should respect (1) generally valid deontic principles being the the- ses of our logic and (2) facts from the ontology of action whose relevance for the systems of norms we postulate.
5
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Ontology of Scientific Laws in the Context of Representation and Sharing of Research Results

51%
Trójczak R., Trypuz R., Kulicki P. K.
Filozofia Nauki
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2015
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vol. 23
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issue 4
19-40
PL
The aim of the paper is to present an ontology of scientific laws as a tool for presentation of results extracted from research articles. The way we represent scientific laws is founded on our classification of scientific laws, which is based on the works of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Władysław Krajewski. The classification is described formally and complemented with the specification of requirements for each type of law, in order to obtain an ontology in the sense of ontological engineering. The ontology is used to represent research results from the domain of agri-food science. We give examples of representation of laws taken from scientific papers and reasoning algorithms that lead to automatic generation of new information and identification of conflicts in the literature.
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