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EN
Planned changes to IFRS 9, which will take effect as per 2013, forecast two models for pricing financial instruments: the amortised cost and fair value. The article discusses the essence of the amortised cost, and provides evidence for the fact that its use does not result in overstatement of the carrying value of financial instruments and that financial result is estimated using the precautionary principle. The condition of measurement of amortised cost using the effective interest rate is based upon the knowledge of the likely cash flows from the ownership of a financial instrument. The discussed pricing model, as opposed to fair value, is free from the risk of value manipulation because it is based on the terms of the contract (loan agreement).
EN
Unlike private properties, real estate properties that are a part of corporate assets of companies can be characterized by a complex technical and legal structure. This follows from the fact that properties used for business by companies can also be movables, which significantly influences the main thing. Rules characterising recognition of movables as being a part of immovables is not straightforward and depend on the objective economic assessment of how those properties are physically and functionally linked. This article aims to highlight the above mentioned issue and analyse it from the perspective of credit risk assessment, in particular the LtV ratio, which is one of the tools measuring the risk of credit exposures secured by mortgages. The present article proposes the modification of the formula that calculates LtV ratio and it characterises the impact of movables on the development of this ratio.
PL
W odróżnieniu od nieruchomości mieszkalnych, nieruchomości będące składnikami majątkowymi przedsiębiorstw charakteryzują się złożoną konstrukcją techniczną i prawną. Wynika to z faktu, że elementami tych nieruchomości mogą być ruchomości, w istotny sposób oddziałujące na rzecz główną. Granica uznania ruchomości za część składową nieruchomości nie jest ostra i rozstrzyga o niej obiektywna ocena gospodarczego znaczenia istniejącego między nimi fizycznego i funkcjonalnego powiązania. Celem artykułu jest zasygnalizowanie tego zagadnienia z punktu widzenia oceny ryzyka kredytowego, w szczególności wskaźnika LtV, będącego jednym z mierników oceny ryzyka ekspozycji kredytowych zabezpieczonych hipotecznie. W artykule zaproponowano modyfikację formuły na t obliczenie LtV oraz scharakteryzowano wpływ ruchomości na r kształtowanie się tego wskaźnika.
EN
The dominant part of the portfolio of housing loans granted by the banking sector are foreign currency loans, in particular the Swiss Franc. This article presents a hypothetical example of home mortgage in the context of foreign exchange risk borne by borrowers. This article aims to identify key variables that borrowers should consider when opting for a loan denominated in foreign currency. The study of exchange rates and market interest rates presented cover the period from 2001 to 2011. The article is also an attempt to answer the question of whether foreign currency loans are advantageous or disadvantageous for the borrowers.
PL
Dominującą część portfela kredytów mieszkaniowych udzielonych przez sektor bankowy stanowią kredyty udzielone w walutach obcych, zwłaszcza we franku szwajcarskim. Artykuł prezentuje hipoteczny kredyt mieszkaniowy w kontekście ryzyka walutowego ponoszonego przez kredytobiorców. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie najważniejszych zmiennych, jakie kredytobiorcy powinni brać pod uwagę decydując się na kredyt denominowany w walucie obcej. Przeprowadzone badania kursów walutowych i rynkowych stóp procentowych obejmują lata 2001-2011, Artykuł jest również próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy kredyty walutowe są korzystne, bądź niekorzystne dla kredytobiorców.
EN
The article deals with the problem of asymmetric information in bank-customer relationships, with attention being focused on the potential borrowers’ unawareness of issues concerned with the settlement and implementation of a loan agreement, which aims to finance real estates, or in a situation where a the loan is secured by a mortgage. Informative approach of the Recommendation S that was revised in January 2011 regards consumers and individual farmers under a special protection scheme as they do not possess much expertise in finance and banking. However, it does not consider microentrepreneurs in this same way even though their knowledge in finance is on a similar level as the one of the consumers and farmers.
PL
Artykuł poświęcono problematyce asymetrii informacji w relacji bank-klient, przy czym uwagę skupiono na możliwym niedoinformowaniu kredytobiorcy przy zawieraniu i realizacji umowy kredytowej, której celem jest finansowanie nieruchomości lub w sytuacji, gdy zabezpieczenie kredytu stanowi hipoteka. Znowelizowana w styczniu 2011 r. Rekomendacja S w zakresie informacyjnym bierze pod szczególną ochronę konsumentów i rolników indywidualnych, którzy nie posiadają specjalistycznej wiedzy z zakresu finansów i bankowości, ale nie traktuje w podobny sposób mikroprzedsiębiorców, których zasób wiedzy jest podobny.
PL
W grudniu 2008r. Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego (KNF) przyjęła Rekomendację S (II) dotyczącą dobrych praktyk w zakresie ekspozycji kredytowych zabezpieczonych hipotecznie. Akt ten, będący zbiorem zaleceń dla banków, reguluje zasady identyfikacji, zarządzania i nadzoru nad ryzykiem kredytowym pochodzącym od ekspozycji kredytowych zabezpieczonych hipotecznie. W artykule wskazano mankamenty Rekomendacji S (II) związane z definicją wskaźnika LtV, będącego jednym z mierników opisujących wielkość ryzyka kredytowego, poddając jednocześnie pod dyskusję ewentualne doprecyzowanie zapisów zaleceń KNF.
XX
In December 2008 Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) has adopted Recommendation S (II) concerned with good practices in the credit exposures secured by mortgages. This act, which is a set of recommendations for banks, regulates the rules for identification, management and supervision of credit risk derived from credit exposures secured by mortgages. The article points out weaknesses in Recommendation S (II) associated with the definition of LtV ratio, which is one of the indicators of the credit risk scale and considers the possibility of clarifying the KNF recommendations.
EN
The credibility of economic information provided by banks is one of the key elements of building trust between the institutions and the economic environment. The activities of the national banking sector, due to the special responsibility for the entrusted deposits, is subject to restrictive legal regulations and is controlled by the banking supervision. The legal act binding the banks and regulating, among others, the rules of credit risk measurement derived from mortgage-secured loans is the S Recommendation which was issued by the Financial Supervision Commission. The publication discusses the imperfections of this supervisory regulation with regard the defined concepts and recommended methods for the measurement of credit exposure, the interpretation and the method of determining the value of mortgage security and LtV.
EN
Emergence of crisis in financial markets, especially banks, have forced a change in approach to risk management. It has become necessary to develop new or refine existing models of early bankruptcy threat warning, as well as establishing the potential impact of bank failures. One of the tools, indicating that resistance to the phenomenon of crisis is “stress testing”. Its aim, at least in the case of banks, is concerned with estimating the level of economic resistance towards the occurring risk. Some of these risks are: the non-payment of loans due to deterioration in the economic situation of a country, fluctuations in interest rates, exchange rates and a fall in prices of securities which are traded on stock exchanges. This article discusses the nature of stress testing and shows the current legislation in Poland and presents the results of a stress testing conducted on the largest U.S. banks in May 2009. The rank and results of these studies show the importance of the role of stress testing as a complementary research of a diagnostic and prognostic nature.
8
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Problematyka pomiaru ryzyka operacyjnego w bankach

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EN
This article discusses the importance of operational risk in shaping the solvency of banks. The accompanying analysis has been done in the context of observed changes in the activities of the financial institutions, especially in association with the intensification of ICT techniques, common non-traditional banking activities, as well as new banking products and services. The increasing importance of operational risk has provoked the need for its measurement. Existing solutions in the domestic banking system remain to be based on setting capital requirements, mainly based on the method of the basic index, which causes requirement result to be over-estimated. One of the ways to make the requirement value more realistic for operational risk, is to estimate it using advanced methods. This method should be considered as an opportunity to allow banks to transfer the newly obtained "risk reserve", onto for example credit risk while maintaining the same ratio of capital adequacy.
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