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  1. 44 Krajewska-Kułak E.

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1

Attitudes towards euthanasia among health workers, students and family members of patients in hospice in north-eastern Poland

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Mickiewicz I., Krajewska-Kułak E., Kułak W., Lewko J.
Progress in Health Sciences
|
2012
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
81-88
EN
Purpose: To assess attitudes towards euthanasia among medical staff (hospice workers and nurses not working in hospice), nursing students and family members of patients in hospice. Materials and methods: The study group included 565 persons: 175 nursing students, 183 professio-nally-active nurses not working in hospice, 103 hospice workers and 104 family members of patients in hospice. We used the original questionnaire survey. Results: Nearly half of the nurses, 49.6% of the students, 71.8% of the hospice workers and 45.2% of the family members were opposed to active euthanasia, whereas, 24.6% of the nurses, 32.4% of the students, 19% of the family members and 9% of the hospice workers supported euthanasia. Nurses supported the following forms of euthanasia: stopping resuscitation (47.5%), discontinuing life-support equipment (24%), and lethal injection (12%). In the student group, 43.6% supported stopping resuscitation, 34.4% supported the withdrawal of life-support equipment, and 12.6% supported lethal injection. Almost 46% of family members of patients in hospice accepted discontinuing life-support equipment and 21.2% supported stopping resuscitation. Nearly 37% of hospice workers accepted stopping resuscitation and 28.6% supported the withdrawal of life-support equipment. Most hospice workers were opposed to active euthanasia while most of the nursing students supported it. Conslusion: The legalization of euthanasia was favored by most of the students; however, in contrast, it was rarely favored by the hospice workers
2
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Preferred patient behaviours related to health

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Moczydłowska A., Krajewska-Kułak E., Kózka M., Bielski K.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2015
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vol. 5
|
issue 2
122-133
EN
Introduction: Health education is the child of medicine and pedagogy, and they share a common focus on humans. The aim of this study was to assess the preferred behaviours associated with health as well as the health locus of control of the tested patients.Materials and methods: The study included 300 patients from surgical wards (group I) and 300 from non-surgical wards (group II), studying them using the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) scales.Results: For the six statements contained in the Sanitary Behaviours Letter concerning proper nutrition, the surveyed patients received the lowest average values. Among the preventive behaviours, participants reported that they complied with medical recommendations, conducted settled family and social life, and reduced their smoking, but that they did not attach sufficient importance to rest or weight control. In relation to the four examined categories of behaviour, general indicators of the severity of health behaviour did not differ significantly between the groups, which both reported a low level of health behaviour. The majority of women expressed the conviction that their health depends on themselves, demonstrating internal health control, while men tended to claim that their health was dependent on fate or luck. Inhabitants of rural areas exhibited internal control and blamed their own health behaviour for their well-being. Urban residents, on the other hand, showed a stronger belief in the influence of others on their health.Conclusions: The majority of patients showed poor attention to health matters, especially in terms of preferred health practices. However, the less education the participants had and the worse their financial situation grew, the stronger the care for their own health became.Key words:Health behaviours, patients, HBI, MHLC
3

Analysis of quality of life women in menopause period in Poland

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Krajewska-Ferishah K., Krajewska-Kułak E., Wiktor H., Terlikowski S.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2011
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vol. 1
|
issue 2
52-58
EN
Introduction: Menopause is a normal, natural event—defined as the final menstrual period and usually confirmed when a woman has missed her periods for 12 consecutive months. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the climacteric symptoms, and the quality of life of women in the menopausal period. Material and methods: The study was conducted in 241 women in age over 40 years. The Polish version of the MRS scale, the Kupperman index, The Beck Depression Scale and a self-administered questionnaire were used. Results: 83.4% thought that menopause is not a disease, and 34.2% considered that the symptoms of menopause are caused by genetics. The majority of the respondents (91.2%) heard about the hormonal treatment of menopause. According to 60.2% hormone replacement therapy during menopause is not needed, and 43.3% reported that it carries some risk. The average value of the Kupperman index was 14.8 ± 8.6, and the Beck Depression Scale was 10.5 ± 7.9. Almost 40% of the respondents had no depression symptoms. The Menopause Rating Scale score per subscale was as follows psychological symptoms:4.8 ± 3.4, somatic: 4.9 ± 3.0, urogenital and sexual symptoms: 2.5 ± 2.4. The Kupperman index was higher among women were no longer menstruating. Conclusions: Most of the women perceived menopause as a period at which the expiration of ovarian function. Hot flashes, irritability, lack of energy, vaginal dryness and reduced libido were more frequently reported. Most of the respondents assessed positively their quality of life
4
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Awareness of risk factors of malaria as an element of primary prophylaxis

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Sarosiek J., Van Damme - Ostapowicz K., Harasim-Piszczatowska E., Krajewska-Kułak E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 1
42-55
EN
Introduction: Malaria is the most common tropical infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa, affecting every year about 220 million of people with about 1-3 million deaths. It is known that every 30 seconds one African child dies from malaria. Moreover, malaria as the most common imported tropical disease is the most frequent cause of deaths. Currently, in African countries, every year, about 300-500 million people have malaria, and more than a million die from malaria. A high percentage of deaths refers to children under 5 years old, pregnant women and susceptible individuals. Materials and methods: The examination was carried out from July to September, 2011 year in 60 peoplepatients of the Out-patients Clinic f St. Francis Hospital, in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, using the questionnaire created by author.Results: As many as 96.7% of respondents answered that the best method was avoiding mosquitoes via using bed mosquito nets and protective clothing. A total of 51.7% indicated chemical substances as an effective protective method against malaria. The surveyed named repellents such as liquids, aerosols, creams and sticks. Thirty two people (53.7%) wrote that an effective protective method against malaria was to avoid mosquitoes’ incubation sites, to remove garbage frequently and to clear regularly ponds round the houses.Conclusion: Ugandan patients identified the risk factors and groups, non-key symptoms and prophylaxis against malaria. The majority of Ugandan patients indicated there was vaccine against malaria. More than half of Ugandan patients (65%) declared that a mosquito bite is the route of malaria infection, however, more than 50% of those living in rural areas thought on other routes such as, e.g. unboiled water.
5

The impact of the disease on functioning of a family with an autistic child

100%
Ślifirczyk A., Krajewska-Kułak E., Brayer A., Maciorkowska E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2013
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vol. 3
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issue 2
122-129
EN
Introduction: Scientific communities are beginning to recognize more and more tension, burden and sometimes joy associated with caring for child with autism. Purpose: To determine the impact of the disease on functioning of a family with an autistic child. Material and Methods: We analyzed 83 families with children diagnosed with autistic disease, including 30 Polish families, 25 families from Belarus and 28 families from France. Parents filled in a questionnaire assessing their knowledge about problems associated with raising an autistic child. Results: Parents from Poland found most difficult to accept the child's health condition, and families from France coped with the problem best. For all parents the dominant impression after hearing the diagnosis was shock, French parents were the least likely to associate the disease as a punishment for their sins, which in turn often occurred among respondents from Poland and Belarus. Parents from Belarus frequently complained about problems their autistic child had with learning (about ¾ of responses). While Polish parents surprisingly often recognized as the most onerous carrying out procedures related to the treatment of the child, they often complained about depression, sadness, insomnia. Respondents from Belarus most frequently could enjoy every day. Among the behaviours of autistic children differentiating the examined countries were: disobedience (by far the least indications in France), persistence (the lowest percentage in Belarus) and lies (parents from Poland most often complained about that). Among the parents' reaction to the annoying and stressful child's behaviour the attempts to admonish and explain were dominant, but these were parents from Poland, who frequently admitted that they shoutat the child. Conclusions: Among parents' reaction to the annoying and stressful child's behavior is an attempt to admonish and explain, moreover, Polish parents frequently admit to shout at the child. There are differences in the perception of the problems of parents of autistic children in selected countries, like Poland, France, and Belarus.
6

In vitro antifungal activity of new thiatriazole derivative agents

100%
Łukaszuk C., Krajewska-Kułak E., Kułak W., Niewiadomy A.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2011
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vol. 1
|
issue 1
43-50
EN
Purpose: The assessment of the antifungal activity of 59 new synthesized compounds. We compared the antifungal activity of N,N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-yl-2,4-b-resorcyl-carbothioamide (PTR), of n-3-(1,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione)--reso-rcylcarbothioamide (DTRTA), of N,N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-thiatriazol-5-yl-2,4-b-resorcyl-carbothio-amide (PHARA) against Candida albicans strains in vitro. Material and methods: We evaluated 59 samples of the compounds synthesized at the Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture in Lublin. In the first phase, we tested the selected three samples with the lowest value of MIC - PTR, DTRTA, and PHARA. A reference strain of C. albicans ATCC 10231 and 200 strains of C. albicans isolated from the patients was used. Results: The MIC values of the tested samples fluctuated between 19.6 - 200 mg/L. The tested compounds showed moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans with MIC values of 19.6 mg/L for PTR, 22.0 mg/L for DTRTA, and 19.6 mg/L for PHARA. We found significant (p<0.001) differences between mean MIC values for PTR, DTRTA, PHARA on RPMI medium compared with MIC values on Sabouraud’s and YNB medium. Similar results we found for the reference strains C. albicans ATCC 10231. The reference strain C. albicans ATCC 10231 had enzymatic activity of 14 from 19 hydrolases in the (APIZYM), after exposure PTR number of the active enzymes was 6, after exposure DTRTA – 9, after exposure PHARA – 6, respectively. Isolates of C. albicans from the patients had enzymatic activity of 16 from 19 hydrolases, after exposure PTR number of active enzymes was 11, after exposure DTRTA – 15, and after exposure PHARA - 11. Conclusion: The synthesized compounds PTR, DTRA and PHARA exert a moderate antifungal activity against the C. albicans strains in vitro.
7

Internet addiction among academic youth in Białystok

100%
Lićwinko J., Krajewska-Kułak E., Łukaszuk C.
Progress in Health Sciences
|
2011
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
124-130
EN
Objective: The objective of this study was the assessment of Internet addiction among academic youth in Białystok. Material and methods: The study was conducted among 100 students of the Medical University of Białystok, 100 students of Białystok Univeristy, and 100 students of Białystok Technical University. The mean age of the whole sample was 21.7 ± 2.3, range 18-30 years. The following instruments were administered to the participants: the Kimberly Young test, – test of the intensity of the abstinence syndrome, and a test of “on-line” addiction. Results: A total of 325 (92.06%) women and 27 (7.94%) men participated in the study. Most of the students had own computers and e-mail. They spend time using a computer a few hours a day, and from 11 to 21 hours per week. Students used the Internet, mostly to send e-mails, search for information needed in science and IRC. Nearly 10% of students had the Internet addiction, abstinence and "on-line" syndrome. Students living in the city showed more problems with the abuse of the Internet than students from the village. Conclusions: In the present study, we found that about 10% of the students of the Medical University, Białystok University and Białystok Technical University had symptoms of the Internet addiction, abstinence and “on-line” syndrome.
8
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Influence of exposure to patient aggression and professional experience on the psychological condition of various groups of healthcare workers

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Kowalczuk K., Krajewska-Kułak E., Klimaszewska K.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 2
99-104
EN
Purpose:To analyze the relationship between the psychological condition of representatives from various professional groups of healthcare workers, the degree of their exposure to patient aggression, as well as with the duration of their professional experience.Materials and methods:Study participants (n=1498) were employed at open and closed healthcare units within Podlaskie province: 493 nurses, 504 midwives and 501 physicians. The Work Features Evaluation Questionnaire and General Health Evaluation Questionnaire GHQ28 were applied, and the psychological condition of medical staff was examined based on a 30-question surveyResults:When analyzing all of the groups of medical personnel, the mean level of exposure to patient aggression fell within the moderate range. The highest level of aggression was experienced amongst nurses, while the lowest – amongst midwives. The analyzed groups did not differ significantly in terms of the level of their psychological condition. With the exception of physicians, no significant association was observed between levels of patient aggression and the psychological condition of the medical personnel. Amongst physicians, individuals who experienced lower levels of aggression were characterized by significantly higher psychological condition values when compared to personnel exposed to moderate or high levels of patient aggression. No significant linear correlations between psychological condition levels and the frequency of patient aggression or duration of professional experience were noted in any of the analyzed professional groups.Conclusions:A moderate level of exposure to patient aggression is not the main factor affecting the psychological condition of medical personnel.
9

Effects of fungal air pollution on human health

100%
Łukaszuk C., Krajewska-Kułak E., Kułak W.
Progress in Health Sciences
|
2011
|
vol. 1
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issue 2
156-164
EN
The microclimate of a room has an impact on human well-being, physical and mental health, on work productivity and the preservation of good health. Several dozen species of bacteria can live in buildings and more than 400 species of fungi (mainly Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium genus). The presented results are studies from different health department suggesting the desirability of systematic microbiological testing, evaluation of fungal pathogens, and involving staff, patients, walls, floors, furniture units (hardware, underwear), and air. However the problem is a lack of unified Polish standards, the classes of microbiological indoor air and the lack of harmonization of existing rules for air sampling to assess air fungal pollution in the health care setting.
10
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Perception of the elderly by junior high school students and university students in Poland

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Cybulski M., Krajewska-Kułak E., Jamiolkowski J.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 2
93-98
EN
Introduction: Statistical data from the turn of the 20th century shows a significant increase in the average human life span and, what follows, an extension of old age. The world is aging and Poland has joined the list of countries which have been classified as demographically old since the rate at which society is aging has become very fast. Purpose: The aim of this thesis was to become familiar with the opinions submitted by respondents regarding aging and old age, health problems connected with aging and preferred health behaviors.Materials and methods: The research was conducted between January 3rd of 2013 and February 15th of 2014 on a group of 200 junior high school students and 200 university students from the Medical University of Białystok Faculty of Health Sciences using a questionnaire created by the authors.Results: A vast majority of the respondents of the study groups declared that they have thought about old age. Among university students this percentage reached 38.5%. Almost 50.0% of all respondents acknowledged that older people are needed by society.Conclusions: The results show that the aging process should be contemplated considering multiple aspects of life: biological, psychological and social. Moreover, youth education programs about seniors and old age as well as about ways to counteract their stigmatization should be introduced.
11
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Indoor air studies of fungi contamination in two kindergartens in Kavala, Greece

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Łukaszuk C., Krajewska-Kułak E., Chatzopulu A., Theodosopoulou E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2016
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vol. 6(1)
123-129
EN
Introduction: Fungi and moulds are biological hazards that are ubiquitous both in the communal and occupational environments. The aim of the study was to assess the presence of airborne fungi in two kindergartens in Kavala, Greece. Materials and methods: Materials for the tests were: the air samples (in front of the buildings and the selected rooms) of the two kindergartens. The first Kavala kindergarten was located atop a hill and the second in the city center. The air pollution was determined using SAS SUPER 100. Results: The mean number of fungal colonies isolated from air of the kindergarten rooms in the city center was 478.3±148.4 CFU/m3. The mean number of fungal colonies isolated from air of the kindergarten on the hill was 343.6±188.8 CFU/m3. Aspergillus niger was most frequently isolated in air samples from the kindergarten rooms in the city center, while Penicillium species predominated the kindergarten rooms on the hill. CFU values in the air samples outside the kindergartens were higher in the center than on the hill of Kavala. CFU values of the examined air samples are varied. In the kindergarten rooms in the center of Kavala the most frequently isolated species was Aspergillus niger, and in the kindergarten on the hill it was Penicillium species. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated considerable numbers of fungi in the air in two kindergartens in Kavala, Greece.
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Perception of the psychosocial working conditions in a group of nurses working in hospitals and primary health care

100%
Kalandyk H., Penar-Zadarko B., Krajewska-Kułak E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2016
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vol. 6(2)
100-108
EN
Introduction: In the nurses group, it is required to have great psychosocial skills, guaranteeing the high quality of professional services. Purpose: To assess the psychosocial working conditions of nurses, depending on their place of employment. Material and methods: The study involved 570 randomly selected nurses. It was based on a diagnostic survey using a standardised questionnaire of Psychosocial Working Conditions (PWC). Results: Correlation factors between the overall and average level of satisfaction with the work were quite high – exceed 0.30 and even 0.40. The greater was the need for change, the lower was the job satisfaction. High sense of self-control at work, social support, or wellbeing was linked with better ratings. Psychophysical requirements were assessed as the worst, and the least frequent were the additional requirements resulting from the conflict nature of the job and overload. Nurses from voivodeship hospitals rated their work lower in the category of intellectual demands, and nurses from the Primary Health Care - in the category of requirements resulting from the conflict nature of the job and overload. Behavioural control and the need for change were different for PHC and the other two hospitals. Psychological wellbeing in district hospitals was worse than in the other two types of medical institutions. Conclusions: The larger was the sense of work control, or sense of social support, the higher was the job satisfaction. The higher the level of requirements and the need for change, the lower was the satisfaction of the assessed aspects of work. There were clear differences in the assessment of the psychosocial working conditions of nurses from hospitals and nurses from PHC.
13
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Effect of health behaviors on presentation and condition of the skin – a preliminary report

100%
Polkowska K., Kowalewska B., Krajewska-Kułak E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2018
|
vol. 8(1)
14-21
EN
Introduction: Skin condition is determined by multiple factors, among them some which are beyond human control. However, it can be also indirectly modulated by positive health behaviors and cosmetic procedures. Objective: To analyze health behaviors and knowledge of factors determining skin condition among Polish university students. Materials and methods: The diagnostic survey, based on a questionnaire developed by the authors, included a total of 75 respondents. Results: The largest proportion of the study participants evaluated condition of their skin as moderate (41.3%). According to most respondents, skin condition is positively affected by balanced diet (78.7%), physical activity (68%), collagen (68%), calcium (41.3%) and diet rich in vegetables, fruits, fish, rice and grits. Up to 60% of the study subjects declared present or past intake of dietary supplements, 44% used dedicated cosmetics for facial skincare, and 58.7% consumed 1-2 liters of fluids per day. Sweetened beverages, alcohol, excess of coffee, tea and herbal infusions were considered unfavorable for skin health, similar to stimulants, such as cigarettes, alcohol, drugs and coffee. Up to 38.7% of the respondents declared a sedentary lifestyle. In the participants’ opinion, stimulants (85.3%), lack of hygiene (76%), inappropriate fluid repletion (68%) and too low physical activity (62.7%) are the most harmful factors for skin health. Conclusions: The study participants had basic knowledge of health behaviors and their beneficial or detrimental effects on the condition of human skin. The majority of the respondents used skincare cosmetics dedicated to a given body area. Keywords: Skin, health behaviors, knowledge
14
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Nurses’ generalized self-efficacy in relation to their workplace

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Kalandyk H., Penar-Zadarko B., Krajewska-Kułak E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2016
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vol. 6(2)
92-99
EN
Introduction: Self-efficacy in nurses appears to be of great importance, and is one of the indicators of behaviour Purpose: Nurses’ self-assessment of their generalized self-efficacy in relation to their workplace. Material and methods: The study involved random sample of 570 nurses. A diagnostic survey was carried out using the standardized Generalized SelfEfficacy Scale (GSES). Results: The average value of self-efficacy amounted to 29.3±30. Among the respondents, 56.8% represented category of “high efficacy”, whereas others were of “average efficacy” (32.3%) and “low efficacy” (10.9%). The overall assessment of the nursing profession was higher in participants who presented higher values on GSES scale (R=0.12). The average general level of satisfaction in terms of 20 aspects of professional work was connected with self-efficacy which proved statistically significant. Analysis of self-efficacy score did not indicate statistically significant differences among workplaces. Conclusion: Over half of the participants represented the category of “high efficacy”. The group of nurses employed in district hospitals presented the least instances of low self-efficacy assessment. Individuals who were satisfied with their nursing professional development opportunities had a higher self-efficacy. The higher the perception of self-efficacy, the higher the workplace satisfaction. The average level of satisfaction resulting from various aspects of nursing profession depended on the perception of selfefficacy in the following areas of assessment: professional development opportunity, decisionmaking autonomy, sense of purpose at work, and, to a lesser extent, occupational safety, maintaining work-life balance, and the possibility of communicating with people.
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Stigma of people living with HIV/AIDS

88%
Van Damme-Ostapowicz K., Sarosiek J., Krajewska-Kułak E., Pedrycz A., Cybulski M.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 1
209-213
EN
A specific character of HIV/AIDS has caused numerous complications either medical, legal or social. HIV infection exposes its carriers to frequent acts of intolerance or stigma by the healthy part of the population. Negative social consequences found after detection and disclosure of HIV perfectly match the theory of stigma by Goffman. This theory elucidates mechanisms of stigma or self – stigma affecting these members of the society that via their behavior or life style break the basic social, moral and religious norms. Despite numerous achievements, this disease cannot be overcome completely. People living with HIV/AIDS are still stigmatized and discriminated in the society. They suffer being rejected and isolated by a family, partners and friends. The results demonstrated in the present review, obtained from the examinations conducted among people with HIV/AIDS, in Poland and abroad, attesting stigma, discrimination, low evaluation of the quality of life are the basis for further in-depth studies concerning this issue. This must reinforce educational efforts which will constrain inequality of people with HIV/AIDS, in Poland and abroad. The aim of this study is to inform and sensitize a recipient about stigma among people with HIV/AIDS.
16

Hospice workers’ and family of hospice patients’ perception of hospice care in Poland

88%
Mickiewicz I., Krajewska-Kułak E., Kułak W., Kędziora-Kornatowska K., Muszyńska-Rosłan K.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2011
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vol. 1
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issue 2
106-112
EN
Introduction: The history of palliative care dates back to the 1950s. Purpose: To examine the perceptions of hospice workers and family members of hospice patients related to hospice care in Podlaskie province in Poland. Materials and methods: The present study included 103 hospice workers and 104 family members of patients in hospice. The survey approach was used. Results: 56.7% families and 95.1% hospice workers considered hospice comprehensive care for terminally ill patients. In all, 84.6% of the families and 91.3% of the staff thought positively about hospice. Lack of knowledge of family on dying patients (43.3% families and 61.2% hospice workers), low level of funding for hospices (50% families and 64.1% hospice workers) and a small number of hospices and palliative care clinics (47.1% families and 53.4% hospice workers) are the most common problems in palliative care. According to 78.8% of the families and 84.5% of the staff, a specialist of palliative medicine should work in hospice. 62.5% of the families and 75.7% of the hospice workers were convinced that a nurse with a specialization should also work in hospice. According to 92.9% of the families and 96.9% of the staff, the patient and their family receive support in hospice. Conclusions: Most of the respondents were convinced that hospice is an appropriate place for terminally ill patients. Lack of knowledge of family on dying patients, low level of funding for hospices, a small number of hospices and palliative care clinics are the most common problems in palliative care.
17
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Factors determining satisfaction of elderly people's caregivers with the home care they provide

88%
Sierakowska M., Doroszkiewicz H., Markowska A., Lewko J., Krajewska-Kułak E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 2
82-87
EN
Introduction: Family is the basic institution providing informal care to elderly and disabled individuals. Purpose: To present care situations encountered by persons providing home care to an elder, the caregivers’ needs for support and the factors determining their satisfaction with the care they provide. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at the Geriatric Ward of the Hospital of the Ministry of Interior in Bialystok among 105 home caregivers of the elderly. A diagnostics survey was based on an original survey questionnaire and the COPE Index. Functional capacity in the elderly (N=100) was determined based on the Barthel ADL (activities' in daily living) Index and the category of nursing care (category, I-III). The analysis covered also the pressure sore risk assessment (the Norton Scale). Results: The analysis based on the Barthel ADL Index showed that over 30.0% of the elderly individuals were given up to 40 points in the nursing assessment (seriously disabled). Almost all patients – 97.0% qualified to the 3rd category of nursing care. 64.0% of the elderly had an increased risk of pressure sore development (the Norton Scale). The problems connected with providing home care listed by caregivers included the lack of time, disability of the elder and locomotion difficulties. The analysis based on the Cope Index showed a positive relationship between the caregiver’s age (r=0.216), education (r=0.196), the distance from the elder’s home (r=0.216), the quality of received support (r=0.554), and the satisfaction in the care provided. Conclusions: Caregivers reported the need for different forms of support. Higher education, longer distance from home and the quality of received support were significantly associated with higher satisfaction with caregiving.
18

Tropical medicine in practice. Polish-Nigerian bridge

88%
Van Damme-Ostapowicz K., Krajewska-Kułak E., Edeh E., Tomaszewski R., Nwosu P.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2011
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vol. 1
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issue 1
148-152
EN
The purpose of this paper is to draw the attention of readers to culture, tradition and education in Nigeria. The author shares her own experience from a course on tropical medicine in Nigeria, held in the Institute of Tropical Medicine at the Madonna University in Elele. Initiation of systematic cooperation between schools of higher education in the European Union and those in third countries is recommended, as well as promotion of dialogue and strengthening of understanding between nations and cultures, which is one of the objectives of the Erasmus Mundus program adopted by the European Parliament. The cooperation with Madonna University may facilitate fulfilment of those priorities of the European Union in the scope of higher education, and initiate contacts that do not create frustration or mass migration, but develop intercultural dialogue.
19

Polish and Belaursian students’ attitudes toward other nations

88%
Krajewska-Kułak E., Kułak W., Okurowska-Zawada B., Kułak A., Shpakau A.
Progress in Health Sciences
|
2012
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vol. 2
|
issue 2
29-42
EN
Introduction: Approximately 7,000 different ethnic groups and nations inhabit the earth, and most of the tensions among people stem from prejudice and intolerance. Purpose: To assess a student perception of foreign nations and cultures. Materials and methods: We used the original questionnaire to assess the views of 150 students from Poland and 102 students from Belarus. Results: Twenty percent of the Polish respondents indicated that Poland is a tolerant nation; in contrast, 70.6% of Belarusian students claim that theirs is a tolerant nation. Almost 57% of the Polish and 34.3% of the Belarusian students knew a person belonging to a national or ethnic minority. 37.4% of the Polish respondents and 12.7% of the Belarusians were convinced that tolerance among foreign nations has increased. Neither the Polish nor the Belarusian students wanted to have as a neighbor, partner or spouse, a colleague at school who was a drug addict, homosexual or HIV positive. Nearly 40% of the Polish and 77.5% of the Belarusian respondents indicated that national minorities could have the opportunity to learn their language by accessing extra lessons offered at school. Fifty-eight percent from Poland and 52.9% from Belarus were opposed to providing financial assistance to support foreign cultures and traditions, and the same number believed that foreign students could communicate in their language in local offices. The Polish students’ most positive features were attributed to the Italian, French, and Greek, whereas the Belarusian students held the British, Finnish and French in the highest esteem. The Polish respondent's most negative features were attributed to Gypsies and Russians, and the Belarusian students had the lowest esteem for the Germans, Arabs and Chechens. Conclusions: Poles are not tolerant nation, but their acceptance is increasing. Belarusians are tolerant, but their acceptance is declining. We found differences in the positive and negative perceptions of other nations depending on the nationality
20

Students oppinions on DNA banking. Preliminarny report.

88%
Krajewska-Kułak E., Kułak W., Van Damme-Ostapowicz K., Rozwadowska E., Lewko J.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2011
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vol. 1
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issue 2
102-105
EN
Introduction: DNA banking is popular in many countries in the world but is little known in Poland. Purpose: Determine the knowledge and opinions of students of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Medical University of Białystok about DNA banking. Material and methods: The study comprised 108 students who volunteered to participate. Data were collected on a questionnaire that was developed by researchers. Results: Most of the students (72%) had heard of DNA banking; 53.0% from TV, 32.4 % from the Internet, 14.3% from newspapers, and 11% at the University. Of the responding students, 53.4% answered that DNA banking is ethical and beneficial. Nearly 26% decided to bank their own DNA. According to 33.5% of the students, a DNA sample is venous blood. Only 27.2% of the respondents knew that DNA banking is conducted in Poland, but none of them could name the city where the bank operates. Nearly half of the students (53.5%) reported that DNA banking is a molecular backup. Almost all the respondents (92.8%) wanted to increase their knowledge about DNA banking. Conclusion: The students' knowledge about DNA banking is poor, however almost all the respondents wanted to increase their knowledge about DNA banking. The main source of students’ knowledge about DNA banking was TV and the Internet. Nearly one-fourth of the respondents wanted to bank their own DNA.
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