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1
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Prawo do sądu w zakresie sporów związanych udzielaniem zamówień publicznych

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Szostak R.
Państwo i Społeczeństwo
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2010
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issue 1
131-146
2
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Z problematyki odpowiedzialności „kierownika zamawiającego” za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych przy udzielaniu zamówień publicznych

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Szostak R.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
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2009
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issue 7
135-160
EN
The issues of the Head of the Awarding Entity’s responsibilities for the violation of public finances discipline while awarding a public contract. The statutory basis of responsibility for violating the discipline of public finances cause many practical difficulties with regard to managers of entities awarding a public contract. An insufficient definition of a “prohibited act” (which either provokes the necessity of using an extended interpretation of the rules or forces to renounce from punishing the accused for a harmful act - which however have not been clearly forbidden by the law) is the essential drawback. Within the scope of disciplinary responsibility, similarly to penalization of crimes, constitutional rule nullum crimen sine lege is in force. Difficulties refer mainly to the term of “violating the discipline of public finances” itself, to responsibility of persons who were trusted with finances or public contracts, to liability of people who manage funds which were entrusted to the non public sector subjects, as well as to the responsibility of the people awarding a public contract with omission of procedures prescribed by the law. Thus, there is a need of legislative intervention in this area. Improvement both of the practice and of jurisdiction’s quality will be sufficient in the matter of responsibility in reference to other disciplinary infringement, especially to expend donations against their aim, to assume obligations without authorization, to pay after the due date, to mitigate the contractual penalties, to describe the object of the contract in discriminative way, to violate the equal treatment rule (impartiality of the awarding entity) and to allow the infringements which influence the outcome of the tendering or other procedure of awarding the public project.
3
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O potrzebie usprawnienia odpowiedzialności organizatora przetargu za szkody wyrządzone konkurentom ubiegającym się o zamówienie publiczne

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Szostak R.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
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2011
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issue 1(9)
115-131
4

THE MEANS OF PROTECTION OF INTEREST PERSONS ABOUT PUBLIC CONTRACTS COMPETING - ACCORDING TO MODIFIED DIRECTIVE 89/665/ECC (Srodki ochrony interesów konkurentów ubiegajacych sie o zamówienia publiczne wedlug znowelizowanej Dyrektywy 89/665)

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Szostak R.
Studia Prawnicze
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2008
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issue 4(178)
19-48
EN
The tender (auction) and also other procedures of offering public orders are taking place in non typical relations which have multilateral and eliminatory character. The organizator of procedures acts on the base of civil principle equality of the parties. Traditional liability for damages of the ordering party for organizational faulties and other measures connected with invalidity of final contract have been insufficient. The experience of some Eurpopean countries are the base of Council Directive 89/ 665/ ECC of 21 December 1989 on the coordination of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the application of reviev procedures to award of public supply and public works contracts, which contributed only partly to harmonization of European legal orders. Because of it this Directive was amended by Directive 2007/66/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 December 2007 amending the Council Directives 89/ 665/ ECC and 92/13/ECC with regard to improving the effectiveness of reviev procedures concerning the award of public contracts. The period of implementation of it will expire 20 December 2009. To inculate this Directives regulations to the Polish public orders law it is necessary, in particular: a) widening the notion of legal interest what is the base for lodging appeal measures, b) rethinking once more the sense and function of initial signalling the faulties by the competitors making protest, c) reforming the procedure in the Domestic Appeal Chamber, d) extending the period and allowing electronic form for Appeal measures, e) justification of the court control of the decisions done by the Chamber and make possible those issues to appeal court decisions, f) introducing the sanctions of anullment the contract by authorised body insted of binding now santion absolute invalidity, g) verification legal causes of contract ineffectivenesss, h) increase the liability for damages the ordering party without the traditional condition of the fault, i) rethinking the additional preventive-disciplinary measures especially financial penalties. Beside those important improvings it is also necessary to perfect some binding regulations due to increase the speed and effectiveness of examining appeal measures what sometimes obstruct possibility of conclusion final contract in the time of standstill. The rethinking of circumstances for preparation the appeal without obstruction of the cotract conclusion is also needed. In the case of anullment the protest as a preemption act of the complaint may be necessary improve new regulation to allow ordering party the correction of faulties before opening hearing in the Domestic Appeal Chamber. Important are also regulations connected with the performance of decision done by Domestic Appeal Chamber especially those which allow compulsory enforcement of this provisions.
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Outline of Polish procurement law development against a background of other Central Europe countries

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Szostak R.
Studia Prawnicze
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2011
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issue 3-4 (189)
69-145
EN
The evolution of procurement law in the Central Europe, starting from the ancient times, is directly a consequence of needs which arise from the necessity of preservation of, both, the sufficient effectiveness and contracting transparency in spending public funds, and, further, from assurance of an equality and a competitiveness in access to works which have been funded from public funds. The evolution had been integrally connected with adequate organization, control of the treasury’s economy as well as with procedures of awarding procurement to reliable contractors, optimization of public contract’s provisions and efficient awarding party’s protection against possibility of inadequate fulfilling public contract. A construction of consensual contract underlined these procurements. Deep regress of procurement in Early Middle Ages was caused not only by the general economy recession, but mostly by disappearance of consensual contracts in aid of primitive, immediate real or formal contracts. In the area of satisfying public needs prevailing significance in the feudal part of Middle Ages had natural tributes as well as forced labour and servitude craft colonies. Revival of public procurement ensued with reactivation of trade contacts and consensual contracts, which was accompanied by transformation of state organization and also local government revival in the 10th and 11th century. Crucial impact on the development of procurements have had constitutional and political changes dated on the period of absolute monarchy, especially reforms of the Treasury. First of all organization and control of treasury expenses were improved. Also first procurements procedures for public targets have been adopted. Despite the growing importance of administrative instruments, consensual agreement maintained a leading role, primarily because of its advantages in providing satisfactory efficiency in public expenses. Development of procurement's procedures (auction, tender) was strongly influenced by French and German models. The Polish State failed to take advantage of them because of feudal backwardness and lack of tax reforms. During the partitions of Poland, the Polish were removed not only from offices and public honors, but also from greater access to public procurement; the situation has changed only slightly in the late nineteenth century. Therefore the lack of Polish tradition in this field was noticed for a long period of time. After regaining independence in 1918, the introduction of special measures law was prevented also by problems with unification and budget. Implementation of modern procurement procedures for public purposes didn't take place until the end of the thirties. Pre-war solutions in procurement's procedures were formed by national practical experience and effective German and French patterns. However, World War II following by imposition of a foreign socialist system, completely blocked the development of public procurement in Poland, there was a break in legal continuity and tradition again. Meanwhile, public procurement in the countries of Western Europe experienced its further development under the influence of solutions derived from Community law. The public procurement in Poland in early nineties – as a result of the period of political changes and the reactivation of market mechanisms - was again deplorable. The situation gradually improved after passing the act on public procurement from 1994, which was amended successively given the need to implement European solutions, and then replaced (in the face of EU accession) with the new public procurement law in 2004. Next changes in Polish procurement's procedures were a result of European law's influence, respecting the national experience reaching pre-war domestic regulations.
6
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Założenia treści prawa zamówień publicznych

100%
Szostak R.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2017
|
issue 497
36-52
PL
Polska regulacja ustawowa zamówień publicznych ma charakter mieszany, dotyczy zarówno instrumentów cywilnoprawnych, jak i administracyjnoprawnych, w tym finansowych, a nawet karnych. Jej analiza wymaga zatem uwzględnienia zróżnicowanego charakteru przepisów oraz zastosowania racjonalnej koncepcji ich zespolenia, z zachowaniem niezbędnej spójności i przejrzystości, a także jasnego odzwierciedlenia przesłanek kwalifikacji poszczególnych instrumentów. Gruntownej weryfikacji wymagają zwłaszcza kwestie organizacyjne, ze statusem i rolą zamawiającego – organizatora postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego oraz kontrolą zarządczą, zagadnienia rzutujące na zwiększenie gwarancji równego dostępu do zadań finansowanych ze środków publicznych, związane z ochroną interesów drobnych przedsiębiorców, skomplikowana problematyka przebiegu procedury przetargowej z uwzględnieniem postulatów dalszego jej uproszczenia i przyspieszenia, z zastosowaniem zasad komunikacji elektronicznej, a także rozwiązania zmierzające do wzmocnienia efektywności środków odwoławczych.
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