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PL
W artykule zaprezentowana jest ewolucja Fronteksu w kontekście wyzwań migracyjnych UE oraz strefy Schengen, oraz omówiona specyfika działań agencji na granicach zewnętrznych. Istotna część opracowania poświęcona jest relacjom Polski z Fronteksem, w tym zagadnieniom takim jak współpraca operacyjna polskiej Straży Granicznej z Fronteksem, zobowiązania wynikające z ulokowania siedziby agencji w Warszawie, a także stanowisko rządu RP dotyczące rozwoju agencji w kontekście szerszej dyskusji nad kierunkami unijnej polityki migracyjnej. W opracowaniu Autorka wykazuje, że silne przywiązanie państw członkowskich, w tym Polski, do kwestii suwerenności w zakresie ochrony granic ogranicza możliwości przekształcenia Fronteksu w prawdziwie europejską straż graniczną. Zwraca przy tym uwagę, że bez efektywnego systemu ochrony granic zewnętrznych, przy kryzysie zaufania między państwami członkowskimi w kwestiach migracyjnych, strefa Schengen pozostanie zagrożona.
EN
The article presents the evolution of Frontex in the context of migration challenges of the EU and the Schengen area, and describes the specificity of agency activities at external borders. Special attention is given to Poland's relations with Frontex, including issues such as operational cooperation between the Polish Border Guard and Frontex, obligations resulting from the location of the agency headquarters in Warsaw, and the government's position regarding the development of the agency in the context of a broader discussion on the EU migration policy. In the study, the author argues that the strong attachment of member states, including Poland, to sovereignty in borders protection limits the possibilities for a creation of a truly European border guard. The article concludes that without an effective system for the protection of external borders, with the crisis of trust between Member States on migration issues, the Schengen area will remain under threat.
PL
Kryzys uwypuklił szereg słabości systemu instytucjonalnego Unii, stając się okazją do ponownej refleksji nad jego kształtem. Artykuł jest próbą zmierzenia się z pytaniem, na ile sposób organizacji wewnętrznej i tryb działania instytucji unijnych stanowi szansę, a na ile – barierę dla efektywnego realizowania celów sformułowanych w traktatach oraz reagowania na bieżące, często trudne i zaskakujące wyzwania. W artykule, oprócz analizy formalnych układów wewnątrzinstytucjonalnych, uwzględniona jest również płaszczyzna personalna. Ważnym pytaniem jest, czy kryzys może przyczynić się do gruntownej naprawy systemu instytucjonalnego UE.
EN
The economic crisis showed the weaknesses of the institutional system of the European Union, raising questions about its shape. The article aims to determine whether internal structures of the EU institutions and their modes of operation are chances or barriers for effective treaty implementation and the ability of institutions to face unexpected, difficult situations. The article focuses both on the formal structure of the institutions and their human resources. The article aims to conclude if the crisis may give impetus to a significant improvement in the EU institutional system.
EN
Marking the 60th anniversary of the Treaties of Rome, which had laid the foundations for the European Union, 2017 was a time of political reflection on the future of the EU after Brexit. A decade earlier, after the crisis related to the Constitutional Treaty fiasco, the EU faced a similar challenge of structural reforms, which resulted in the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon. The article compares the debate and proposals for EU reform presented on the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the Treaties of Rome. The author argues that while in 2007 EU members states made a step on the road to “ever closer Union,” in 2017 they were headed towards an “ever more differentiated Union.”
EN
Cichociemni were the elite of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. They were trained in Great Britain to operate in occupied Poland and were ready for any sacrifice for the Fatherland. Despite the fact that over 2600 candidates volunteered for training and served only 316 of them were parachuted into occupied Poland. The article raises the issue of psychological traits of Cichociemny. The current literature on the subject focuses mainly on aspects of physical training, marginalizes an issue of personality and temperament. Today, the problem exists in the currently recruitment process of a modern soldier of the special forces. From the perfect soldier, popularly called the commandos, is expected not to only excellent physical fitness, but also appropriate psychological predispositions as self efficacy, commitment and sacrifice. According to the analysis of documents from the period of activity of Cichociemni these traits were also important then as today. It allows to put the thesis of the psychological profile of the ideal warrior, regardless of the time and place.
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