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FAMILIES AS A COLLECTIVE ABUSER. A CASE OF FAMILY VIOLENCE AGAINST CHECHEN REFUGEE WOMEN IN POLAND

100%
Klaus W.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2017
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vol. 43
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issue 3(165)
89-108
EN
Family is usually perceived as a source of support. It includes the closest relatives that we turn to for help when in dire straits. In the case of migration, the family also constitutes an anchor of sorts that you can hold on to when the need arises. It is not always, though, that the family plays a positive role. When its role is extended to affect all the aspects of life, it can be seen as an oppressor. In my article I present different forms of the family’s influence on a woman’s choices among Chechen refugees in Poland. I focus on forced marriages and ‘honour’ killings. This article is based on fifteen individual in-depth, partly structured, biographical interviews with female refugee and asylum seekers women from Chechnya who had experienced violence at the hands of a close person. It is supplemented with 27 individual and 4 group semi-structured in-depth interviews with 35 experts, who work with refugees or women with the history of experienced violence. The results show that in case of Chechen refugees in Poland, the family not only fails to provide protection but also its members are perpetrators of violence against their nearest and dearest. It is because of family’s close ties which affect Chechen women in particular but also because of the weakness of the Polish welfare system. Without constant economic assistance from the members of the family (left in Chechnya or residing in another EU country) it is nearly impossible to support a large family in Poland.
2
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Sprawcy przestępstw motywowanych uprzedzeniami przeciwko cudzoziemcom

100%
Klaus W.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
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2016
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issue 23
57-78
PL
Na poziom uprzedzeń i ksenofobii w społeczeństwach wpływa nie tyle liczba imigrantów, którzy mieszkają w danym kraju, a raczej poczucie zagrożenia, jakie panuje w danym społeczeństwie przed napływem imigrantów. Stąd poziom uprzedzeń jest wyższy w tych społeczeństwach, które są bardziej homogeniczne. Potwierdzają to wyniki badań nad polskimi uprzedzeniami w stosunku do muzułmanów czy ogólnie wobec imigrantów. Badania kryminologiczne pokazują silny związek między ksenofobicznymi postawami rodziny sprawców a popełnianiem przez nich czynów na tle uprzedzeń. Sprawcami tych czynów są przede wszystkim działający w grupie młodzi mężczyźni (poniżej 25 lat), a podstawowymi motywacjami ich czynów jest poszukiwanie wrażeń (połączone ze spożyciem alkoholu) czy też specyficznie rozumiana próba ochrony społeczeństwa przed napływem Obcych. Ważnym motorem działań sprawców jest także przekonanie, że za pokrzywdzonymi nikt się nie ujmie – ani policja, ani społeczeństwo.
EN
The level of biases and xenophobic attitudes in a society is influenced mostly by the fear towards immigrants and their influx instead of the real number of immigrants residing in a particular country. That’s why the level of bias towards the Others is much higher in homogeneous societies. The results of Polish opinion polls research on bias attitudes of our society towards Muslims or immigrants echo these findings. In the criminological research we find strong relations between xenophobic attitudes of the family of the perpetrator and acts of bias violence committed by the latter. Biased crimes are usually committed by young males (under 25 years old), and the main 78 motivation of their actions is either thrill (usually connected with the consumption of alcohol) or specifically understood defence of their community from the Others and their presence. An important factor of the perpetrators’ behaviour is also the conviction that no one will stand up for the victims, neither the police, nor the society.
3
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Sprawozdanie z sympozjum kryminologicznego. Sztokholm, 16-18 czerwca 2008 roku

100%
Klaus W.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
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2008
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issue 17
40-42
4
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Sprawozdanie z XIII Konferencji Europejskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego. 4 – 7 września 2013 roku, Budapeszt (Węgry)

51%
Buczkowski K., Klaus W., Ostaszewski P., Wiktorska P.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
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2012/2013
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issue 20
93-99
5
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Sprawozdanie z X Konferencji Europejskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego. Liége, 8 – 11 września 2010 roku

51%
Buczkowski K., Klaus W., Wiktorska P.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
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2010/2011
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issue 19
105-111
6

Politicians, media and society’s perception of crime

45%
Buczkowski K., Klaus W., Kossowska A., Rzeplińska I., Woźniakowska-Fajst D.
Studia Prawnicze
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2012
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issue 2 (191)
103-134
EN
One of the more important effects of the political transformation in Central and Eastern Europe is the emergence of the problem of criminality in the social awareness of the inhabitants of these countries. After a long period in which information on the risk of crime was controlled (unless it concerned crimes against the Socialist state) the societies of this part of Europe were deluged by information on criminal incidents and by opinions and discussions on the subject of criminality. Crime in itself became an article “sold” in the media and a political football. Fear of crime, which had scarcely existed prior to the transformation, appeared as a phenomenon in the social consciousness. Influencing the heightened fear of crime to a certain extent was a rise in criminality and a change in its nature, but more importantly a general state of uncertainty brought about by the deconstruction of life as it used to be and the established rules on which society functioned. Criminality and the related feeling of danger is already probably a permanent element in the public face of politicians mainly, but not exclusively, from populist parties. In light of the tough attitudes manifest in Polish society, supporting harsh punishment, it is unsurprising that politicians are quick to include punitive slogans in their election programs in hopes of boosting their opinion poll ratings. Their calls for the toughening up of criminal responsibility are founded on related public expectations. It is not a new phenomenon. It was also present in the communist years when the will of society, to which communist politicians referred to when justifying their increasingly absurd ideas about penal policy, was to a significant degree a propaganda creation made by the media they themselves controlled. It is still the same today, the only thing that has changed is how the media is “controlled” or shall we say “influenced” by the politicians. While there are many differences between the countries that in the last twenty years experienced the transformation from communism to democracy, they are starting to be subject to the same rules as “mature” Western European democracies. The same processes can be seen in the behavior of politicians with regard to troubling social phenomena and similar reactions by the media to crime and the reported fall in the fear of crime.
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