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EN
The article describes the structure of 940 medical terms (names of diseases) from the “Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology” (Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej) of 1881, that have been recognised as the most accurate, i.e. primary synonyms. From their analysis in the context of synonymic chains in which they occur, it was concluded that the structure of a term recognised as ideal is of no great significance (in the case of 80% of terms) for the establishment of the term as the primary synonym. This is one of the reasons for which primary synonyms often have a structure identical to other terms in its synonymic chain.
EN
The article draws attention to the unreliability of the distance of sciences criterion in assessing terminological polysemy in light of the science development. In the view of H. Jadacka (three degrees of ambiguity) and E. Grodzinski (good and bad polysemy), this criterion determines the distinction of acceptable terminological polysemy. However, it turns out to be misleading, as the article proves with the example of terms from medicine and veterinary medicine. That is, disciplines that developed as a single science until the end of the 18th century but today constitute separate disciplines and belong to two different sets of sciences. The application of the criterion of the distance of sciences when characterising (diachronic and synchronic) terminology may cause the polysemy of the same term (e.g. endosperm) to be assessed differently at different stages of the development of a given science (here: medicine and veterinary medicine).
PL
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na zawodność kryterium odległości nauk w ocenie polisemii terminologicznej w świetle rozwoju nauk. Kryterium to w ujęciu H. Jadackiej (trzy stopnie wieloznaczności) i E. Grodzińskiego (polisemia dobra i zła) decyduje o wyróżnieniu dopuszczalnej polisemii terminologicznej. Okazuje się ono jednak mylące, co udowodniono w artykule na przykładzie terminów z medycyny i weterynarii. To jest dziedzin, które do końca XVIII w. rozwijały się jako jedna nauka, a dziś stanowią oddzielne dyscypliny, w dodatku należące do dwóch różnych zespołów nauk. Zastosowanie kryterium odległości nauk przy charakterystyce (diachronicznej i synchronicznej) terminologii może spowodować, że polisemia tego samego terminu (np. bielmo) może być odmiennie oceniana na różnych etapach rozwoju danej nauki (tu: medycyny i weterynarii).
EN
The article aims to present a method for identifying and extracting terms from sixteenth- century texts based on four criteria: a) textual – assuming that if a semantic unit’s meaning is confirmed only in texts characteristic of a specific field of science or knowledge, then it is a term of that period; b) linguistic – based on the information about the semantic unit originating from prestigious languages (Latin or/and Greek)and provided by the author; c) disciplinary – based on the information about the semantic unit being used by a specific professional group and provided by the author; d) linguistic and disciplinary (which combines criteria 2 and 3).
EN
Synonyms in Polish medical terminology at the turn of the 20th century. ReconnaissanceThe paper concerns the phenomenon of synonyms in the medical terminology. On the basis of Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej (Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology, 1881) and Słownik lekarski polski (Polish Dictionary of Medicine, 1905) the author examines (in terms of a structure, origin and chronology) 88 series of synonyms (regarding illnesses) present in both dictionaries. From the examination it results that during a conscious tiding up and shaping of Polish medical terminology it was impossible to eliminate synonyms, a phenomenon undesired in every terminology. Admittedly, in the Słownik lekarski polski (Polish Dictionary of Medicine, 1905) one may observe a tendency to reduce on the number of synonyms in the series of synonyms and the general number of the series, however, scale of this phenomena is still significant. Even if, till the half of twentieth century, nearly half of series of synonyms did not survive, as it is proven by researches conducted by K. Musiołek-Choinski, phenomena of synonyms could not be eliminated. The old series of synonyms are replaced by new ones, and this situation is greatly affected by English vocabulary.
EN
The aim of this article is to review the lexicography of Andrzej Calagius, to present a list of his dictionaries of synonyms and to correct the misinformation about his dictionaries. The article describes three German-Polish-Latin editions (1579, 1595, 1602), one German-Latin edition (1597), and two Latin editions (1592 and 1594). It also proves that these multilingual editions are not revised versions of the 1579 edition but independent dictionaries.
PL
The article partly confirms W. Kuraszkiewicz’s assumptions about Jan Mączyński adopting vocabulary (not only medical) from Stefan Falimirz’s herbarium (O ziołach i mocy ich). On the basis of 32 volumes of the Dictionary of Polish Language of the 16th Century, the author claims that 41 entries were included in Jan Mączyński’s dictionary, which definitely constitutes half of these influences.
PL
The paper demonstrates attributes of an ideal term on the grounds of nineteenth century Polish medical terminology (names of disorders) from a Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology by S. Janikowski, J. Oettinger and A. Kremer (Kraków 1881). In the first part of this dictionary, approximately 20 thousand foreign language entries are gathered (Latin, German, French, English) together with their Polish equivalents – from one to several records. The sequence of Polish terms assigned to the entries is not random: from the most to the less recommended. It means that the best terms (I call them ideal terms) come first in the synonymic line. And they are (totally 940) the subject of analysis in this paper. It results from the analysis that ideal terms are mostly: 1) native (98.4%); 2) of simple structure (comprising two elements at most – 89.3%); 3) syntactical derivatives (55.1%); 4) of non-specified origin; 5) sometimes having many meanings (12.2%); 6) relatively long-lasting, that means they generally last in the scientific terminology (74.9%) and - a little bit more rarely (more than 58%) – they keep their position of the ideal term; 7) compared to other terms in a synonymic line, in terms of the structure - frequently (65.5%) identical, that is comprising the same number of elements; 8) most frequently (41.7%) of common root – compared to other terms (all of them or just some of them) in a synonymic line.
PL
Stefan Żeromski was an expert in medical vocabulary. This was a result of his interest in medicine. He used medical vocabulary in his output in its basic function, that is in order to characterize the health of his characters, and in a secondary function. The secondary function involved using medical vocabulary (not only Polish) to describe various phenomena and situations. Among others, he used it to describe the emotional situations of characters; their behaviour and actions, social and political situation, as well as nature, space, objects, literature and art.
PL
The purpose of this article is to recall the 16th century Latin-Polish dictionaries by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz. The article describes the figure of the monk, the history of his works as well as their structure and contents. The interest in the lexicons grew in the 70s of the 20th century when a manuscript dated 1532 (considered to be lost after the second world war) was found and a dictionary dated 1544 was unexpectedly discovered. A decision was made then to (jointly) publish both lexicons in the reversed version (Polish-Latin). This project still has not been completed which certainly has had its effect on the researchers’ weakening interest in the dictionaries and a small number of publications. Therefore the article presents possibilities of the analysis of the Polish and Latin lexical material.
PL
The purpose of this article is to present a source that has so far remained unused in the historical research of the Polish chemical terminology of the second half of the 19th century – Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [English: Polish Medical Terminology Dictionary] of 1881. This dictionary is a result of the efforts which the Polish medical doctors undertook to organise the Polish medical terminology in the 19th century. It also contains chemical terms. What is important, the dictionary demonstrates a phase of competition between two terminology schools: the Cracow school and the Warsaw school, juxtaposing various terms (mainly in synonymic strings) proposed by these schools.
EN
From the Lexicographic Workshop of Bartholomeus de Bydgostia: Recurrences of EntriesThe aim of this article is to describe 280 examples of recurrences of Polish entries in the Latin-Polish dictionaries by Bartholomeus de Bydgostia of 1532 and 1544. The first researchers considered these recurrences to be mere mistakes resulting from a long time taken to prepare the dictionaries or from other causes. However, the scale of this phenomenon (4.3%) and its peculiar regularity make one think of another way of interpreting it – as Bartholomeus’ lexicographic method. Z warsztatu leksykograficznego Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy. Powtórzenia hasełNiniejszy artykuł opisuje 280 przykładów powtórzeń haseł polskich w łacińsko-polskich słownikach Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy (1532 i 1544). Pierwsze badaczki traktowały je wyłącznie jako pomyłki spowodowane między innymi długim czasem przygotowywania słowników. Jednakże skala tego zjawiska (4,3%) i jego regularność oznaczają, że można je interpretować inaczej – jako jedną z metod leksykograficznych Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy.
EN
Persistence of Synonymy in Polish Medical Terminology at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth CenturiesThis article presents the results of an analysis of 940 synonymic strings excerpted from two translated medical dictionaries: Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [A Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology], published in 1881, and Słownik lekarski polski [A Polish Medical Dictionary], published in 1905. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in those strings indicates a significant persistence (703 preserved strings) and stability of synonymy (320 strings with the same number of terms and the same composition of synonyms).Trwałość synonimii w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wiekuArtykuł przedstawia wyniki analizy 940 ciągów synonimicznych wyekscerpowanych ze Słownika terminologii lekarskiej polskiej, wydanego w 1881 roku, i Słownika lekarskiego polskiego, wydanego w 1905 roku; obydwa słowniki to leksykony przekładowe. Analiza ilościowych i jakościowych zmian tych ciągów wykazała znaczną trwałość i stabilność synonimii (703 zachowane ciągi, 320 ciągów o niezmienionej liczbie terminów i niezmienionym składzie synonimów).
EN
The paper presents a theory of the synonymia (at the preface and by selection and characteristics of the material) in the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms. According to the Krasiński – a forerunner of researches regarding the synonymia in Polish linguistics - words related to the same referent are always (more or less) different: in terms of additional meaning, shade, expression (e.g. emotions).
EN
The article presents one of the types of the Polish entries in the 16th century Latin-Polish dictionaries by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz, i.e. the Polish words and word combinations included in these lexicons more than once. One can distinguish 4 major types of the recurring Polish entries: 1) entries occurring simultaneously in the dictionary of 1532 and of 1544; 2) entries recurring in the major parts of the dictionaries and in the enclosed thematic dictionaries, 3) entries recurring on the same sheet of the dictionary (recto side and verso side), 4) entries recurring on the same page of the dictionary. The recurrences of the Polish entries have various reasons, including the dictionary structures, using a variety of sources, a long period of time over which the dictionaries were created and Bartholomew’s mistakes.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia jeden z typów polskich haseł w XVI-wiecznych łacińsko-polskich słownikach Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy, tzn. polskie wyrazy i połączenia wyrazowe zapisane w tych leksykonach więcej niż raz. Można wyróżnić 4 zasadnicze typy powtarzających się polskich haseł: 1) hasła występujące jednocześnie w słowniku z 1532 r. i 1544; 2) hasła powtarzające się w częściach zasadniczych słowników i dołączonych do nich słowniczkach tematycznych, 3) hasła powtarzające się na tej samej karcie słownika (recto i verso), 4) hasła powtarzające się na tej samej stronie słownika. Powtórzenia polskich haseł wynikają z różnych przyczyn, m.in. z budowy słowników, z korzystania z różnych źródeł, z długiego czasu powstawania obu słowników i pomyłek Bartłomieja.
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EN
The lexeme apopleksja in the history of PolishApopleksja ‘apoplexy’ is a word of Latin origin which was used for the first time as a medical term probably in 1534 in a herbarium by Stefan Falimirz. Since then it has been continuously included in dictionaries. Over the period of its presence in Polish, it has been considered to be a medical term, which has been numerously evidenced in medical texts of various epochs and also by the fact that it was referenced in two medical lexicons which are important in the history of the Polish medical terminology: one of 1881, the other of 1905. However, these lexicons show that the term apopleksja had competition. Most probably, the lexeme apopleksja was used for the last time as a strictly medical term before the Second World War. Today it belongs to a group of archaisms in the medical terminology and has been replaced by the following terms: udar (udar mózgu, udar mózgowy) ‘stroke (brain stroke, cerebral stroke).’ Leksem apopleksja w historii polszczyznyApopleksja to wyraz pochodzenia łacińskiego użyty po raz pierwszy prawdopodobnie w 1534 r. w zielniku Stefana Falimirza w funkcji ówczesnego terminu medycznego. Od tego momentu do dziś jest nieprzerwanie notowany przez słowniki. W ciągu swej bytności w polszczyźnie traktowany jest jako termin medyczny, o czym świadczą jego liczne poświadczenia w tekstach medycznych różnych epok oraz fakt odnotowania go w dwóch ważnych dla historii polskiej terminologii medycznej leksykonach medycznych: z 1881 r. i z 1905 r. Jednak już w tych leksykonach widać, że termin apopleksja miał konkurencję. Prawdopodobnie leksem apopleksja ostatni raz został użyty jako termin ściśle medyczny przed drugą wojną światową. Dziś należy do grupy archaizmów w terminologii medycznej, a jego miejsce zajęły terminy: udar (udar mózgu, udar mózgowy).
EN
The goal of the paper is presentation of very wide range of definitions (singular words and word combinations) which may be recognized as qualifiers in the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms. The author described different structures which are the following types of quali-fiers: chronological, attendance, normative, stylistic, expressive, specialist and etymological.
EN
An examination of the lexical material contained in Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [Polish Medical Terminology Dictionary] of 1881 and Słownik lekarski polski [Polish Medical Dictionary] of 1905 shows that the synonymy withdrawal rate in this period was only 20%. The purpose of the article is to provide a detailed description of this process, including the process of an apparent withdrawal of synonymy in the lexicon of 1905 (e.g. some foreign language entries have not been recorded there at all; sometimes a synonymic string was removed while leaving a new term next to the foreign language entry, "new" meaning absent in the dictionary of 1881).
PL
Po przebadaniu materiału leksykalnego ze Słownika terminologii lekarskiej polskiej z 1881 oraz ze Słownika lekarskiego polskiego z 1905 roku okazuje się, że w tym okresie synonimia wycofała się w zaledwie 20%. Przedmiotem artykułu jest szczegółowe omówienie tego zjawiska, w tym również zjawiska pozornego usuwania synonimii w leksykonie z 1905 roku (np. niektóre hasła obcojęzyczne nie zostały tam w ogóle odnotowane; czasem zlikwidowano szereg synonimiczny i jednocześnie pozostawiono przy obcojęzycznym haśle nowy termin polski; nowy, tzn. nieobecny w słowniku z 1881). 
EN
This paper discusses the first 3 mentions of the entry LUTER, as a common word, in the Polish language. They were recorded by Bartlomiej of Bydgoszcz in his dictionaries dated 1532 and 1544. According to the analysis made in the article, these are the examples of extremely quick registration of a new word in the Polish language, and most probably the only confirmations of this lexeme in dictionaries in 16th century and two subsequent centuries. The detailed write-up of the location of the entry LUTER in both dictionaries by Bartlomiej allowed the recollection of the lexicographic method applied by the monk and – in comparison with other religious Polish vocabulary – emphasizing the uniqueness of recording the entry LUTER as a common word, only a dozen years after the Reformation.
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