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1

THE OPERATION AND SOCIAL ROLES OF THE SMALLEST FARMS

100%
Jozwiak W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2006
|
issue 2(131)
29-40
EN
There are 1 430 000 farms in operation in Poland, each with the size not exceeding 2 ESU. They account for 67.5% of all farms conducting agricultural production and they play significant social and environmental roles. The author analyses the operation of these smallest farms basing on materials provided by a farm census conducted in 2002, economic accounts for agriculture (RER) and information from the Polish Farm Accountancy Data Network (figures from the latter two sources relate to 2004). In conclusions, formulated on the basis of the conducted analysis, the author states that a rise in demand for labour in non-agricultural sectors of the national economy could lead in the course of 10-20 years to the disappearance of the majority of such farms and, consequently, to a threat of environmental degradation of a considerable part of the so-called ecological farmland existing in Poland.
2

POLISH FARMS SUPPLYING MARKETABLE PRODUCTS -BEFORE AND AFTER MAY 1, 2004

100%
Jozwiak W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 4(129)
57-62
EN
The paper contains a review of literature on the subject, which indicates that before 2004 farms possessing relatively large resources of production factors and conducting particularly lively agricultural activity accounted for about 21% of all Polish farms. Especially successful were farms possessing from 20 to 200 hectares of arable land, which were owned by natural persons. The share of such farms in the overall number of farms operating in Poland had been growing fast and it reached 6% in 2002. In 2004 the position of Polish farms became stronger owing to an essential growth in their incomes. However, there are signs indicating that the incomes of farms in the coming years will prove lower than in the exceptionally good year 2004. Nonetheless, these incomes will be increasing slowly because the amounts of direct payments will be growing in consecutive years. These facts make it possible to predict that the favourable structural changes inaugurated in Polish agriculture before 2004 will continue to take place also in the coming years.
3

POLISH FARMS IN 1996-2006. ANALYSIS AND MEDIUM-TERM FORECAST

100%
Jozwiak W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 2(123)
199-208
EN
In 1996-2002 Polish farms continued adjustment processes inaugurated at the turn of 1989 together with the change of socio-economic system in Poland. A relatively large group of farms proved unable to cope in the new conditions. Some of these farms were liquidated, some limited their activities to the production of food for the needs of their owners exclusively, whereas others abandoned agricultural production altogether, with their owners looking for other sources of livelihood. On the other hand, there also were farms that continued to enlarge their acreage and modernise their production potential despite the difficult conditions of operation. In 2002, only 72% of all Polish farms were delivering their goods to the market. In comparison with 1996 the number o such farms diminished by nine percentage points. The most important reasons for this decline were insufficient managerial skills of agricultural producers and unfavourable natural conditions, mainly the poor quality of soil. The same factors will most probably continue to determine the condition of Polish farms after May 1, 2004, which may mean that only a part of the farms will be able to avail themselves of the budget resources offered within the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Thus, phenomena similar to those observable in 1996-2002 can be expected to occur in the Polish agriculture also in 2004-2006. The number of farms will be declining and their diversification will be progressing. A part of the farms (500 000-800 000) will certainly manage to find their place in the division of labour that will occur in the integrated Europe.
4

THE NEED TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF A 'FARM' * AND THE RELATED RIGHTS AND DUTIES

100%
Jozwiak W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 2(127)
54-63
EN
The tendency to use every piece of arable land prevailing in Poland in the result of a definite agricultural policy adopted after the Second World War and pursued until the end of the 1980s left Poles convinced that every farm engages in production. The ownership of a farm began to be understood as the use of a farm. This is reflected in the formulation contained in one of the Polish legal acts which states that it should be surmised (without the need of documenting the fact) that 'the owner of land or the tenant, the payer of the agricultural tax or the tax on incomes from special sectors carry out agricultural activity'. The situation began to change in the early 1990s when the first farms appeared that did not engage in agricultural production. This meant that these farms did not have a holder. The notion 'farm holder' is commonly used in the literature and legal acts of West European countries, which indicates that it is useful in the contemporary conditions. Since the farm holder does not necessarily have to be the farm's owner its seems purposeful to examine the definitions 'farm' and 'farm holder' in the light of the notion 'farm owner'. The triad of these notions constitutes the subject of an analysis presented in this text. The author refers in the analysis to definitions applied in the Polish legal acts, especially in the Civil Code. *The definition 'farm conducting agricultural activity' seems more accurate since such farms most often engage in agricultural production, whereas the definition 'farm' should be reserved for entities whose incomes come from the cultivation of the soil exclusively.
5
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POLISH FARMS IN THE FIRST YEARS OF EU MEMBERSHIP

63%
Jozwiak W., Mirkowska Z.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2008
|
issue 2(315)
19-32
EN
On the basis of literature, the paper describes changes observed in Polish agriculture in the year 2004 and several following years, on the background of previous years' situation. On the grounds of the above, eight thesis have been formulated: on doubling agricultural income, on years needed for re-establishing economical balance disturbed by change of conditions, on increase of property size and modernization on farms of 16 and more ESU, on low profitability of equity capital in farms basing on high labour input and high capital resources, on growing range of agricultural producers who couple farm income with other incomes, on permanent deficit of part of farms of at least 100 hectares of croplands - in effect of legal regulations, incorrect definition for areas of disadvantageous farming conditions and high competitive potential of Polish farms in comparison to chosen UE countries. The above thesis require to be confirmed or rejected on the basis of analysis carried out in a longer time period (e.g. years 2005-2007) after Poland's accession to European Union.
6
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THE POSSIBLE LIBERALIZATION OF COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND THE STANDING OF FARMS IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES

63%
Jozwiak W., Mirkowska Z.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2006
|
issue 2(307)
19-33
EN
A group of farms (distinguished according to types of production and the economic magnitude) in countries close to Poland i.e. Austria, Denmark, Germany and Sweden, in the years 1997, 1999 and 2001 have been covered by the analysis. It resulted from the study that only some of these farms are able to continue their activities without budget subventions. In this situation the announced liberalization of the CAP would threaten with numerous bankruptcies of farms in some of the former EU-15 countries. This in turn could result in reduction of self-sufficiency in food production. Only farms specialized in vegetables, fruit, pigs, poultry and eggs production would show a relatively good standing. However, they constitute ca 10% of all farmers in the analyzed countries. The chance for survival would also have some 16% of other farms (mainly in Austria). In general, in group of four analysed countries only 26% of existing farms could continue their activity under the conditions of liberalized CAP.
7

MANY-SIDED OR SPECIALISED AGRICULTURE?

63%
Jozwiak W., Juzwiak J.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2007
|
issue 4(137)
9-20
EN
Poland has both farms that engage in many-sided agricultural production and farms that specialise in a single type of production. The former are exposed to a lower risk in their operation whereas the latter have greater chances to reduce, for example, the management costs. The authors of the article has compared the efficiency achieved in the 2004-2005 period by mixed farms, engaging in the plant and animal production, and fruit-growing farms with the economic size of 8-16 ESU. The relevant calculations have been made on the basis of materials obtained through the monitoring of the Polish Farm Accounting Data Network. The conducted comparison has made it possible to state that in the year of Poland's accession to the European Union and in the following year the specialised farms operated more effectively than the farms engaging in many-sided production. Thus, it can be expected that the share of specialised farms in the total number of Polish farms will increase, helping to diminish the gap in this respect between Polish agriculture and agriculture of the remaining EU countries.
8
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THE BEHAVIOUR OF FARMS OPERATING IN THE POOR CONDITIONS AREAS

51%
Jozwiak W., Nieweglowska G., Czekaj T.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2006
|
issue 3(308)
3-15
EN
Making use of the results of the Common Agricultural Survey of 2002, the economic accounts for agriculture and the results of monitoring of the Polish Farm Accountancy Data Network (2004), the organization as well as the production and income situation of farms operating in the areas of poor conditions for agriculture were analyzed and presented in the article. The interest of such farmers in payments available to them in 2004 was also considered.
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