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Afryka
|
2016
|
issue 44
66-84
EN
Political caricature has become a significant cultural text allowing us to deeply understand social emotions connected to the current, significant events. In this article, analyzing Kenyan political satire, I try to define Kenyans’ approach to Barack Obama at the time of his presidency, as well as presenting US and Kenya’s relations during that period. In this article my attempt is to show that Kenyan political caricature is a tool that allows the author to share emotions, judgments and opinions addressed to different social groups. Its main goal is to quickly react to the political events and to comment on them. Due to its simplicity, political caricature has an extensive audience.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, czy i w jaki sposób różnice między kohortami wyjaśniają zróżnicowanie wpływu wykształcenia na bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Kohorty są wyodrębnione na podstawie wspólnych doświadczeń edukacyjnych i zawodowych, jakie doświadczały jednostki w swoim życiu. Jako kryteria przyjęto historyczne okresy zdobywania etapów wykształcenia (istotne daty: 1990, 2004), warunki wejścia na rynek pracy, okresy poszerzania kwalifikacji zawodowych, etap kariery w okresie kryzysu 2008–2010. W badaniu uwzględniono trzy kohorty: kohorta 1 – respondenci w wieku 25–34 lat w roku 2013 – nazwana „Dzieci transformacji”; kohorta 2 – respondenci w wieku 35–44 lat w 2013 r., nazwana „Młodzież transformacji”; kohorta 3 – respondenci w wieku 45–64 lat w 2013 r. – nazwana „Dorośli transformacji”. Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne gospodarstwa domowego jest definiowane jako możliwość zaspokojenia potrzeb gospodarstwa i tworzenia rezerw finansowych będących do dyspozycji w sytuacji niekorzystnych zdarzeń. Miara bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego jest obliczona na podstawie estymacji modelu równań strukturalnych (SEM). Źródłem danych jest badanie ankietowe przeprowadzone w 2013 roku na próbie losowej 800 respondentów w wieku 25–64 lat. Wyniki wskazują, że pozytywny wpływ wykształcenia na decyzje ekonomiczne jest najsilniejszy w kohorcie najmłodszej, w której odsetek osób z wyższym wykształceniem jest najwyższy. Wyższa jakość kapitału ludzkiego pozwala kohorcie młodszej na osiągnięcie takiego samego poziomu bezpieczeństwa, jak kohorcie o kilkanaście lat starszej. Wyższy poziom wykształcenia wyraźnie zmniejsza liczbę gospodarstw wykazujących brak bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. Średnie wykształcenie w kohorcie najmłodszej nie generuje możliwości zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego rodzinie.
EN
The paper is aimed to investigate whether and how cohort differences explain differentiation in the educational effects on household’s economic security. Cohorts are distinguished by common educational and professional experiences, controlling for economy conditions. The economic context covers: the beginning of transition in Poland (1990), Poland’s accession to the EU (2004) and the beginning of financial crisis (2008). The criteria for determining the cohorts refer to the periods of educational level attained, conditions of entering a labor market, improving qualification and a carrier stage in time of the last financial crises. The research covers three cohorts: cohort 1– respondents in age of 25–34 in 2013 – called „Children of transition; cohort 2 – respondents in age of 35–44 in 2013 – called „Youth of transition”; cohort 3 – respondents in age of 45–64 in 2013 – called „Adults of transition”. Economic security of households is defined as the ability to achieve income necessary for covering household needs at its suitable level and to create financial reserves to be at disposal in case of unfavorable accidence. A measure of economic security is calculated on a base of a structural equation model (SEM). The questionnaire survey is a source of data for observed variables. The survey was carried out by the professional polling agency in Poland in June 2013. The whole sample covers 800 respondents in age between 25 to 64. The findings reveal that a positive impact of education on economic security is the strongest for the youngest cohort, in which a fraction of well-educated individuals is the highest. Higher quality of human capital allows the younger cohort to achieve the same level of economic security like the cohort older by several years. Higher educational level attained, less households insecure economically. The secondary level of education among the youngest cohort does not create the ability to ensure economic security for a family.
Muzyka
|
2007
|
vol. 52
|
issue 3(206)
123-136
EN
In spite of the title, this article is not devoted exclusively to the issue of either unity or dispersion of the achievements of the branch of hermeneutics called (as distinct from philosphical hermeneutics) textual hermeneutics. The extreme form of this unity (as well as continuity) is symbolised here by the 'whole woven cloak'; while the extreme form of non-coherence is referred to as a 'patchwork' with an irregular pattern (the authoress was inspired here by Gadamer's statement that 'the word 'text' really refers to a fabric'). Based on this distinction, the authoress presents a provisional outline of her main thesis: the theory of hermeneutics, with a tradition reaching back to the Stoics' reflections on Homer, represents a continuity, which has been becoming unbreakable since the nineteenth century, while the practice of hermeneutics, initially a regular patchwork (which since the days Schleiermacher has incorporated the psychological aspect, i.e., the personality of the author) shaped by canonical norms, has striven and strives towards freedom, resembling a 'crazy' patchwork, i.e., such in which the sewing on of indiviudal patches is the work of momentary inspiration. The article also emphasises a number of important elements in Gadamer's hermeneutical philosophy which are not sufficiently stressed today. These include the use of the ideas originating from ancient Greece, such as the role of dialogue in bringing about understanding (the influence of Gadamer's study of Plato over many years). The authoress also recalls the influence of Gadamer's thinking on the musicology of H.H. Eggeebrecht, and pays attention to Gadamer's hermeneutical praxis; his studies of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century poetry. These studies bring Gadamer (otherwise regarded as the creator of philosophical hermeneutics) into the hermeneutic of texts - in its modern version, only loosely connected with the canon.
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