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EN
In the ancient literature (Greek, Roman, Jewish and Christian) we can easily find expressions full of irony and insults. In this article the author tries to present the role of invective in antiquity. As it results, it was necessary to use invective in polemical works, because expressions full of irony and insults were nothing else as rhetorical moods.
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XX
The first century of the existence of Christianity and development of the Church in the Palestinian and Mediterranean areas is signed by a growing conflict with Judaism, which at this time is under one of the biggest crises in its history. The climax point of this crisis was the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. Division between the young Church and – conventionally speaking – the Synagogue takes place during the time of the end of biblical Judaism and the birth of rabbinic Judaism. In this article the author shows the roots of the conflict, which, by decades grow so strongly, that eventually the roads of both religious communities were totally divided. In the first part of the article he evidences the source material for further investigations. Then he presents three factors that played a significant role in the process of separation between Christians and Jews: theological factors, historical and political factors and socio-economical factors. The issue of so-called birkat ha-minim requires the separate treatment. The process of growing up of the Church and the changes in the Synagogue in I century and in first decades of II century led to a definitive break in ties between the two communities. All the factors that caused that break (both religious, theological, historical-political, social and even economic) are interlinked. After the resurrection of Christ, Church was a small community of Jews who believed that the resurrected Christ is the Messiah. The members of this community ceased bringing offers to the Temple and gave the full access to the new belief for pagans. In the same time the Jewish community was under changes. These changes give birth to the new form of Judaism – rabbinic Judaism. Within it there was no place for Christians.
IT
In primo momento la parabola, nella quale Gesù racconta la storia di un amministratore disonesto (Luca 16,1-9) ci lascia un po’ stupiti. Sembra che Gesù lodi l’uomo, che aveva agito disonestamente. Nell’interpretazione tradizionale gli esegeti propongono la soluzione, secondo cui l’accento non viene posto sulla disonestà, ma sulla prudenza e furbizia dell’amministratore. La soluzione proposta in questa interpretazione prende in considerazione il tema dell’usura. Secondo questa interpretazione l’amministratore priva se stesso dei propri beni per essere accolto a casa dei debitori del suo padrone. In questo caso l’amministratore non agisce in modo disonesto, ma rinuncia al proprio salario. L’interpretazione che tocca il tema dell’usura rimane comunque un’ipotesi, che deve essere ancora rielaborata, perché vi sono ancora, in essa i punti deboli.
PL
Trudność przypowieści o nieuczciwym zarządcy (Łk 16,1-9) polega na tym, że czytelnik odnosi wrażenie, iż Jezus pochwala nieuczciwość. Próby rozwiązania tej trudności winny iść w dwóch kierunkach. Po pierwsze można zatrzymać się jedynie na zasadzie analogii: jak synowie tego świata czynią wszystko (nawet nieuczciwie), by osiągnąć wyznaczony cel, tak synowie światłości winni czynić wszystko (w granicach uczciwości), aby osiągnąć królestwo Boże. Jezus pochwalałby więc nie tyle nieuczciwość, co spryt i pomysłowość w dążeniu do celu. Wierzący również winni kierować się sprytem i pomysłowością, lecz trzymać się przy tym norm moralnych. Rozwiązanie drugie odwołuje się do ekonomicznych zwyczajów Izraela czasów Jezusa. Otóż zarządca dóbr swego pana nie otrzymywał za swą pracę zapłaty pieniężnej, lecz przyjmował prowizję z pożyczanych towarów. Jeśli ktoś pożyczał pięćdziesiąt beczek oliwy, musiał oddać sto, przy czym część (lub cała) nadwyżki stanowiła zapłatę dla zarządcy. Jeśli ktoś pożyczał osiemdziesiąt korcy pszenicy, musiał oddać sto, przy czym część (lub całość) nadwyżki była zapłatą dla zarządcy. W ten sposób zarządca rezygnował ze swojej własności, aby pozyskać sobie życzliwość ludzi i znaleźć u nich pomoc, gdy zostanie zwolniony ze swej posady.
Verbum Vitae
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2013
|
vol. 24
117-134
EN
Whether God planned for people physical death and senility (are the death and senility a consequence of the original sin?) or not, is still an open question in modern theology. In the Infancy Narratives (Luke 1–2) the evangelist presents the four old persons: Zechariah, Elisabeth, Simeon, and Anne. Exegetical and theological examination of the texts concerning these individuals leads to some characteristics which are common for all or for most of them. Among them we can enumerate the following ones: remaining in God’s presence in Jerusalem temple, continuing to pray, being led and inspired by the Holy Spirit (prophecy included), expecting the coming of the Messiah and living according to the God’s Law (righteousness). It seems, however, that the most important characteristic of the old age is sensibility in recognizing God’s inspiration.
Verbum Vitae
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2016
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vol. 29
227-250
PL
Autor artykułu bada znaczenie symbolu światła w opisie chrystofanii (Mt 28,1-10). W pierwszej części kreśli zasadnicze rysy symboliki światła w tradycji biblijnej i pozabiblijnej Izraela, w drugiej natomiast stara się odczytać właściwe znaczenie owego symbolu w Mateuszowym opisie wydarzeń przy pustym grobie Jezusa. Zgodnie z wyznaczoną strukturą perykopy najpierw ukazuje, w jaki sposób rozumieć symbolikę świtu, błyskawicy i bieli w pierwszej części opisu chrystofanii (Mt 28,1-4). Analizując drugą część Mateuszowego opisu (Mt 28,5-10), odnosi się do motywów starotestamentowych, nawiązując do motywu „wyjścia” (exodusu) i analizując zabieg redakcyjny ewangelisty, by ukazać Jezusa w roli Mojżesza.
EN
The Gospel of St Matthew was addressed to the Christians of Jewish origin. Further, the symbol of light often appears within Jewish biblical and extra-biblical traditions (apocrypha, pseudoepigrapha, Qumran literature, Josephus). It is not surprising, then, to find it present also in Matthew’s description of both the empty tomb of Jesus and the Christophany which follows (Mt 28:1-10). In the article, the author examines the meaning of the symbol of light as it is employed in this passage.
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