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EN
In English culture Gothic architecture enjoyed ambiguous reputation: on one hand, it was obviously connected with pre-Reformation times and therefore suspect. This reputation was strengthened by the Gothic novel which associated Gothic buildings with oppression and tyranny allegedly characteristic for Catholic countries. On the other hand, as a supposedly 'native' English style, in contrast to imported classicism, it was hailed as the true product of free English spirit. This dichotomy proved to be particularly interesting in the 19th century, the age of the Gothic Revival. As more and more Anglican churches were restored or built in the style propagated by A. W. Pugin and John Ruskin, the English public, in particular its Low Church faction, was ambivalent or even hostile towards the growing influence of the style associated with Roman Catholicism, the enemy of Protestant England. The article discusses the selected passages from Victorian novelists, both well-known (Bronte, Trollope, Borrow) and minor ones, which describe Gothic architecture and analyzes them in the context of this debate.
EN
Next to the language, history (or rather historical memory) or inhabited a territory of the common name, religion is considered as one of the determinants of ethnic identity. Ethnicity happens to be context-sensitive, because of certain ethnic characteristics such as language, customs, traditions, while religion manifests themselves in particular situations. Ethnicity – which is particularly evident in modern times – is multidimensional, because of many ways we can distinguish or define social groups. Religion, in turn, can be treated as a cultural system. This article deals with the role it plays religion (understood as a system of meanings, as a cultural system) in shaping the identity of an ethnic minority – Kashubs. Kashubians, an ethnic minority living in northern Poland, speak a regional – Kashubian. They are predominantly Catholic, and the Catholic religion plays a significant part in their lives (even today). This article presents the meaning of pilgrimage in the creation of Kashubian group identity.
PL
Zmiana klimatu pociąga za sobą wiele zmian, również w strukturze społecznej. W przestrzeni społecznej pojawiają się osoby, często obce kulturowo. Zmiana klimatu powoduje występowanie szeregu anomalii pogodowych, czy też kataklizmów takich, jak powodzie czy susze. Ich skutkiem jest pogorszenie się warunków ekonomicznych szerokiej grupy osób. Liczne analizy wskazują, iż grupą najbardziej poszkodowaną jest ludność państw upadłych, a wśród nich - kobiety i dziewczęta.
EN
Climate change generate many changes, also in the social structure. In the social space there are people who are often culturally foreigen. Climate change causes a number of weather anomalies, or cataclysms such as floods and droughts. Their effect is the worsening of the economic conditions of a wide group of people. Numerous analyzes indicate that the most affected group is the population of fallen states, among them women and girls.
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