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Teoria i praktyka. Weryfikacja umiejętności dowódczych absolwentów Polskiej Szkoły Wojskowej w Genui i Cuneo (1861-1862) podczas powstania styczniowego (1863-1864)

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Buława A.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2015
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vol. 22
206-221
EN
In the run-up to independence uprising, from October 1861 to June 1862 thanks to permit the authorities of the United Kingdom of Italy and the intervention of Giuseppe Garibaldi functioned in Genoa and Cuneo Polish Military School was closed due to diplomatic pressure by the partitioning powers. Over the course of several months was the theoretical preparation of the January Uprising leadership cadre, and 15 graduates covered the self-command of the guerrilla armed parties. 4 of them belonged to the most prominent commanders for the entire war, also 4 can be regarded as promising. One showed just to be average, two were clearly weak. In two cases, it is difficult to set a clear assessment. For two commanders, former soldiers of the Austrian army were disappointing in the field. The Italic episode was an added element of military knowledge. The most significant was the individual's characteristics, although it certainly proved to be a useful body of knowledge transmitted by the emigration of well-prepared teachers cadet school.
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“Węgierski ślad”. Z Wiosny Ludów (1848-1849) na obszarze Korony św. Stefana do polskiego powstania (1863-1836), cz. I

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Buława A.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2016
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vol. 1
191-207
EN
During the Spring of Nations in the lands of the Crown of St. Stefan (1848-1849) traditional ties of friendship, with the possibility of a military confrontation occurring with one, two invaders attracted a large crowd of Polish volunteers for the formation of the Hungarian honveds. About 4,000 Poles were fighting directly in the ranks of the revolutionary army, and enrolled to the national legions under the command of Generals Joseph Wysocki alongside the Transylvanian Army Fieldmarshal Joseph Bem. Among them, about 20 individuals who will be later on commanders of the guerrilla armed troops of the January Uprising (1863-1864). For this reason, it is worth recalling the experience that the military group acquired during the battles for the Hungarian Plain, Slovakia, Bukovina, Moldavia, Banat, Backa and Transylvania.
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Weterani Legii Cudzoziemskiej dowódcami partii partyzanckich Powstania Styczniowego (1863–1864)

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Buława A.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 21
193-210
EN
French Foreign Legion (Legion Etrangere), the most famous mercenary military formation from the beginning served the interests of the French State. It was used to perpetuate colonial domination in Algeria, in the face of Berber warriors Abd-el Kader and successors. An important episode in the Spanish civil war with supporters of the pretender Don Carlos was the engagement of legionaries sold by the king Louis Philippe to regent Christina. In the 1940’s the restructured Northern African Legion adapted to methods developed during the rule of Governor Thomas Bugeaud to combat Kabyle insurgency. The recipe for the conquest of the middle Maghreb therefore had to be maneuverable responsive operating groups, flexibly responding to the field of command, high morale of soldiers held together with an iron discipline, equipped with modern firearms suitable to the extreme climatic conditions. Legionaries showed determination and courage during the wars of the Empire of Napoleon III: Crimean (1853-1856), Italian (1859), and finally the Mexican expedition (1863-1867). During the latter, at the bloody skirmish on the hacienda Camerone, the bravery of the Legion was established and they gained the title gained the “dogs of war”. During the January Uprising, eleven former (or future) Foreign Legion soldiers stood at the head of armed troops, leading campaigns, showing leadership in rolling battles and skirmishes, and using a variety of arms and tactical solutions. Only two of them showed poor command skills. Others having served in the service with the white kepi showed sufficient competency for the insurgent leadership cadre from 1863 to 1864.
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