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Czechoslovak Companies in the Chinese Market between the World Wars (Škoda Works and Sellier & Bellot Cases)

100%
Skřivan, Jr. A.
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
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2014
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issue 1
110-126
EN
As the basic statistical summaries prove, during the inter‑war period China did not belong among the main business partners of Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, the Chinese market played an important role in the sales strategy of certain Czechoslovak companies, including those which held a significant position in Czechoslovak industry. Škoda Works and Sellier & Bellot are included among the relatively narrow group of companies which were able to find success in the Chinese market. Their “Chinese trades” were in some respects similar, but in others fundamentally different. Both companies had to face problems which for instance arose from the very specific nature of the unstable and from the Czechoslovak point of view extremely exotic market. On the other hand, the reasons for their successes in the Chinese market were somewhat different.
2

K HOSPODÁŘSKÝM VZTAHŮM MEZI ČESKOSLOVENSKEM A ČÍNSKOU LIDOVOU REPUBLIKOU PO NÁSTUPU TENG SIAO-PCHINGOVA REFORMNÍHO VEDENÍ

100%
Skřivan Jr. A.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 3
471 – 483
EN
In the 1980s, Czechoslovakia essentially succeeded in using the reform process and emerging economic boom in the People’s Republic of China to widen mutual trade relations. On the other hand, the Beijing government did not hinder the more rapid development, especially at a time, when it was forced to confront a growing trade deficit and shortage of foreign currency for buying from the developed democratic states. However, the boom in Czechoslovak – Chinese trade should not be overestimated and its effects may not have been unambiguously positive. Mutual trade was stimulated by some non-economic factors, and from a purely economic point of view, it was at least questionable.
3

On the Character of the Foreign Trade of the People’s Republic of China in the Period 1949–1969

100%
Skřivan Jr. A.
West Bohemian Historical Review
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 1
165-180
EN
Foreign trade was one of the first areas of the Chinese economy which passed completely under the state control after the establishment of the Communist regime in China. The Beijing government started to build a new institutional model inspired by the Soviet experience. Like in other Communist states, the PRC’s foreign economic relations were strongly influenced by political and ideological factors determining not only territorial structure of foreign trade. In general, foreign trade had a positive impact on both the development of the industrial sector and the whole economy in the 1950s, while in the 1960s the PRC’s foreign economic relations were naturally limited by political tensions in relations with the Soviet bloc and also heavily impacted by the problems of the domestic economy.
4
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“Čínské obchody“ škodových závodů před první světovou válkou

100%
Skřivan Jr. A.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2012
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vol. 20
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issue 1
35-59
EN
From the beginning of the 20th century to the outbreak of the First World War Škoda Works was trying hard to intensify its export activities. One of the countries where the company endeavored to market its products at that time was China under the Qing Dynasty. The “Chinese business” of Škoda Works in the last years before the war, however, has been paid very little attention to by researchers. Some experts believe that Škoda, based in Pilsen, played an important role in the economic contacts between Austria-Hungary and China, the “Empire of the Center”, and proved quite successful in that market, particularly in the arms trade. The primary aim of the present study is to either confirm or refute this hypothesis. The author also tries to throw more light on the nature of Škoda’s “Chinese business” and, primarily, to disclose by examining unpublished sources some circumstances that have been unknown until now. The author’s research confirmed the initial hypothesis saying that in Škoda’s exports to China before World War I arms trade absolutely prevailed or, more precisely, that the author could not identify any major export of non-military nature. Škoda Works ranked undoubtedly among the Austro-Hungarian companies that showed much interest in the Chinese market, and also among the businesses that were ultimately strongly affected by the difficulties in claiming debts in China. Investigating Škoda’s “Chinese business” prior to World War I is quite difficult. At the first glance, several factors can be identified that make Škoda’s alleged success in the form of major contracts signed during the last prewar years of great political instability in China rather questionable. Most of the deliveries contracted in those documents were not eventually carried out. Nevertheless, the above facts should not lead us to any unilateral misleading conclusions. Škoda’s “Chinese business” cannot be certainly considered an apparent failure. In spite of the non-implementation of some contracts and of some additional controversial events Škoda Works became established under quite difficult conditions in the Chinese market. The main obstacle that made it impossible to realize most of the deliveries was the First World War, i.e., an objective fact that Škoda was unable to influence. In view of the coming events, the main “Chinese contracts” were signed too late, so that Škoda had missed the right time.
5
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Problems of British Policy in China at the End of the 19th Century

63%
Skřivan, Sr. A., Skřivan, Jr. A.
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
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2014
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issue 2
72-84
EN
Of all foreign subjects operating in China, over the whole of the 19th century Great Britain had the most extensive economic interests, but during the 1890s these were put under serious threat. This was a result of the operation of a number of factors — the now markedly unfavourable effect of the policy of “Splendid Isolation” practised by London over the whole of the 19th century, changes to Britain’s position in the world economy, the activities of other Great Powers in China, in particular Russia, Germany and France, the Sino‑Japanese War in 1894–1895 and the generally unstable situation in China. The objective of this study is to present and evaluate how British policy contended with the new situation in China, or what options it had in this regard. In this respect, we have evaluated in particular the stance of both main parties, the difference in opinion between figures who had a deciding influence on determining the basic features of policy development towards China, the activities of institutions which significantly influenced this development, and given a presentation of the profiles and roles of diplomats who headed the British legation in Peking at the time.
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