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EN
The paper “Leopold Tyrmand. Writer’s notebook: self-creation and the novel” presents a color­ful character in the landscape of post-war, communist Poland. The analysis focuses on “Diary 1954” and is conveyed using both current research and the critics’ reviews of the author’s contemporar­ies. The literary features exposed in this paper consist of self-creation, using members of the art­istic community of that time as characters as well as the motif of an erotic relationship. Leopold Tyrmand consciously creates his own story; his diary becomes a novel, while his life story of his life is gaining literary shape.
EN
Since according to T.S. Kuhn and P. Feyerabend, it is generally impossible to predict the future even of the most rationalised natural sciences, it is even more impossible for the humanities, which are idiographic by nature, to perform a prognostic function. Thus, assuming that the notion of impossibility can be graded, the idea of considering the future of culture should be abandoned straight after it has emerged. However, predicting the future is invariably tempting and desired, and it is not surprising that such attempts are kept being made, attempts that usually consist in extrapolating existing phenomena and trends. In my paper I will, therefore, try to use a similar approach to gender or the concept and category of gender in culture.
EN
Post-modernist debate focuses around the concept of the world and man presented by the philosophy described as the Enlightenment, Modernist or modern philosophy. At its culmination is the paradigm of knowledge developed by Kant and Descartes. The feminist theory of emancipation could not ignore the transformation reflected in every realm of cultural reality. The belief in a monolithic subject free from limitations has collapsed, as a result of events over the past few centuries and has left only the melancholy of uprooting. Feminism, particularly its second wave, has also joined the dispute on the shape of a new subjectivity. This discourse offers more than just a different outlook upon man, but also the reflection that points out to all the difficulties related to the discussion of the subject.
RU
В своих публикациях Эрик Баратай требует, чтобы история людей дополнялась историей животных, он переходит на их сторону и пытается освободить историю от ее единственной антропоцентрической перспективы. Животные не способны говорить на человеческом языке и документировать свой опыт, чтобы создать великую историю животных. Вместо этого у них есть друзья-люди. Поэтому косвенным средством достижения поставленной Баратаем цели могут быть рассказы о животных, их биографии, включенные в личные записи людей. В статье представлены истории о свиньях, записанные в воспоминаниях Антонины Жабиньской, Дороты Суминьской и Сай Монтгомери, которые внесли свой вклад в историю животных.
EN
In his writings, Éric Baratay advances that the chronicles of people should be supplemented with animal histories as he stands by the side of non-human animals and supports attempts to free history from its solely anthropocentric perspective. Animals are not capable of speaking any human language, they cannot record their experiences in writing / words, which makes them unable to create the great animal history. However, they have human friends. Therefore, the indirect approach, meeting to the goal intended by Baratay halfway, may rely on the stories about animals, their biographies written in the personal notes. The article presents the stories of pigs recorded in the autobiographies and memoirs of Antonina Żabińska, Dorota Sumińska, and Sy Montgomery, which are contributions to the history of animals.
PL
Eric Baratay w swoich publikacjach upomina się o uzupełnienie dziejów ludzi historią zwierząt, przechodzi na ich stronę i próbuje uwolnić historię od jej wyłącznie antropocentrycznego widzenia. Zwierzęta nie posługują się ludzkim językiem, nie potrafią zapisać swoich doświadczeń, by tworzyć wielką historię zwierząt. Mają za to ludzkich przyjaciół. Zabiegiem pośrednim umożliwiającym osiągnięcie wytyczonego przez Barataya celu mogą być opowieści o zwierzętach, ich zapisane biografie w osobistych notatkach ludzi. W artykule zapisane we wspomnieniach Antoniny Żabińskiej, Doroty Sumińskiej i Sy Montgomery historie świnek, tworzące przyczynek do historii zwierząt.
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