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  2. 1 Sprawy Narodowościowe

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  2. 1 2005

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  1. 2 Boncza-Tomaszewski N.

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PEASANTS INTO POLES: SUBJECTIVIZATION AS A STRATEGY TO NATIONHOOD IN THE POLISH VILLAGE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY

100%
Boncza-Tomaszewski N.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2006
|
issue 28
75-88
EN
The analysis of a strategy of nationalization of peasants' national awareness in the Kingdom of Poland proves that the basic role in this process was played by the idea of the man as Subject. Konrad Prószynski, whose views were of pivotal importance for the alphabetization of millions of peasants in the Kingdom, treated education of agrarian population as a tool for their subjectivization. He strongly advocated self study, due mainly to the weakness of village education but also as a means of awakening individualistic and subject values such as self control, self knowledge, growth of individual capacities among the peasants. Prószynski instilled in his readers a belief that individual's talents and aspirations are what constitutes the value of man. Education is seen here in the ethical categories, in which affirmation of subject ideals was combined with an imperative to recognize dignity of each individual as a Subject. In the author's opinion the ideal of man as a Subject formed a basis for development of national awareness of peasants. Prószynski and other educational activists from the intelligentsia circles encouraged this ideal among the common people.
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THE ILLITERATE CULTURE AND ITS ENEMIES. PROBLEMS OF 'ORALITY' IN THE POLISH VILLAGE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

100%
Boncza-Tomaszewski N.
Lud
|
2005
|
vol. 89
71-89
EN
The culture of Polish peasants before 1918 is characterized by mass illiteracy, and for this reason the peasant community can be called an 'oral' community. The author analyses problems connected with the 'orality' of the village, such as regional linguistic differentiation, problems with the propagation of writing and the influence of national language concepts advanced by the intellectuals about the spoken word. It should be emphasized that illiteracy was also the basic barrier to social integration, modernization and nationalization of the Polish village. On a mass scale, peasants were illiterate until the First World War (despite a rapid intellectual development initiated during the 1905 revolution). Didactic concepts modelled on the teaching methods used in a classical school and the weakness of folk schools (bad teachers, lack of resources, bad teaching methods) were the factors that hampered the struggle against illiteracy. However, the slow dissemination of writing in villages was mainly due to the peasants' reluctance to writing and to the information that writing carried along, treated as belonging to the world of the 'Lords'. This distance to the written culture is characteristic of all the 'oral' societies.
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