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EN
The animal burials have been discovered in a great quantities throughout the Early Bronze Age over a wide East-Central European area. This phenomenon is a continuation of the Neolithic Age tradition. Animal burials are divided into several different types, however we can distinguish two general forms: individual animal burials and connected with human graves. After consideration of the types of the graves, additional grave goods, orientation of the dead animals, species, number, age and sex of the individuals, and comparison the foregoing data with the consumption habits, Author is convinced of an offering character of this kind of ritual practices.
EN
Modern families function differently than families of the previous generations. The set of family functions, the way they are performed changes, and the partnership model of the family is becoming more popular. Especially the young generation considers this model as the most practical and functional, what results from the professional activity of men and women. However, in the circles formed by the dysfunctional families (understood as problematic), so far there is not only paternalism, but also authoritarianism, what implies difficult relations in these families. Supporting young people from such families is dealt with, among others, by the Voluntary Labour Detachments, conducting different types of institutions and forms of action. In the VLD centres there is implemented a program, which constitutes the comprehensive care, educational and preventive impact, while the vocational training is a specific direction. The aim of the interaction is to equip the pupils with the skills and qualification, so they are not at the mercy of poverty, unemployment and pathologies. However, these impacts focus on professional qualifications, while the problem also includes the family functioning of these young people, which are not necessarily corrected by the mere fact of acquiring professional qualifications or even obtaining employment.
EN
The aim of this study was to evaluate essential oil content, its chemical composition and price comparison of the clove buds commercially available in Poland (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry). Raw oil was purchased at local retail markets, including both traditional and ecological products. Essential oil content evaluation was then conducted first by hydrodistillation according to Polish Pharmacopoeia VIII [2008] and then with GC-MS method. In terms of the essential oil content, the results obtained were differentiated and rather low (11.1–16.7%). Volatile oil contained only 9 components, the main one of which was eugenol (66–89%) and eugenol acetate (8–32%). Ecological and organic products oil content came in at the same level as the conventional brands. Clove prices depended mainly on the brand origin (renown or the presence of organic certificates) rather than of real product quality (average essential oil content).
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