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EN
For Giambattista Vico in Principi di una Scienza Nuova (1725), the process of civilization was triggered by a seemingly unimportant event – a thunder strike that filled the primitive people (bestioni) with deadly fear. From that moment, language, religion, the institution of marriage as well as social life emerged. The peculiar hypothesis that the process of civilization was initiated with a crack of thunder found its confirmation in the study by Hermann Usener, titled Keraunos (1905). Almost two centuries after Vico, the German philologist collected evidence that both the Greeks and the Romans worshiped the thunderbolt as a divinity, at first independently from Zeus and later as identified with him. Both studies contribute to the understanding of the phobic genesis of culture, and draw attention to the fact that language, art and religion can be considered as different strategies of coming to terms with the horrors of the world.
EN
In the book Regarding the Pain of Others Susan Sontag tackles the problem of war photography as a mean of mobilization of anti-war opposition. She mentions also the tradition of pictorial representations of ‘disasters of war’ as well as the western ‘iconography of suffering’. In her erudite essay, Sontag chose to omit German ‘Bildhistoriker’, Aby Warburg (1886-1929). Warburg’s concept of genesis of images from the spirit of suffering and his contribution to the study of visual aspects of war are the subjects of the present essay.
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Od pomników zwycięstwa do pomników ofiar

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Stan Rzeczy
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2015
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issue 1(8)
92-116
PL
Wiosną 1952 roku Edgar Wind wygłosił dla radia BBC dwudziestominutową pogadankę na temat Ostatniej Wieczerz y Leonarda da Vinci („The Listener”, 8 May 1952). Dwadzieścia lat później obszerną rozprawę na ten sam temat opublikował Leo Steinberg („Art Quarterly” XXXVI, 1973). Każdy z autorów skonstruował swoją analizę obrazu zgodnie z przyjmowanym przez siebie rozumieniem zadań historii sztuki. Dla Edgara Winda było nim badanie symboli – odsłanianie zapomnianej lub dziś nieoczywistej ich wymowy. Leo Steinberg skupiał się przede wszystkim na wyjaśnianiu przesłania wyrażonego w języku form. Pomimo różnic podejścia w kilku kwestiach Wind i Steinberg byli zaskakująco zgodni: obaj odrzucili pokutujące od czasów Goethego oświeceniowe przekonanie, że w scenie Ostatniej Wieczerz y religijny temat jest zaledwie pretekstem do ukazania świeckiego w swej istocie dramatu zdrady. Obaj dostrzegli w malowidle Leonarda wyszukaną wizualną sumę chrześcijańskiej doktryny Zbawienia. Obaj starali się zrekonstruować teologiczny składnik odrodzeniowego sposobu percepcji wizerunków. Dla obu wreszcie rzeczywistym celem zwrotu ku teologii była chęć obrony godności sztuki w dobie postępującej jej marginalizacji.
EN
"In the spring of 1952 Edgar Wind gave a 20 minutes talk for radio BBC on the subject of Leonardo’s Last Supper („The Listener”, 8 May 1952). Twenty years later Leo Steinberg published a sizable paper on the same topic („Art Quarterly” XXXVI, 1973). Each of the authors based his analysis of the picture according to his personal understanding of the aims of history of art. For Edgar Wind it was the examination of symbols in order to reveal their forgotten or now no longer obvious meanings. Leo Steinberg concentrated above all on clarifying the message conveyed in the language of forms. In spite of the difference of approach both authors in several important points remained surprisingly unanimous. They rejected the Enlightenment conviction, lingering since the times of Goethe, that in the scene of Last Supper the religious theme is merely a pretext to display a basically secular drama of treachery. Both perceived Leonardo’s painting as an elaborate visual epitomy of Christian doctrine of Salvation. Both took pains to reconstruct the theological component of Renaissance mode of perceiving images in general. And finally for both the real objective of their turn to theology was the desire to defend the importance of art at the time of its increasing marginalization."
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Symbol: od estetyki do socjologii

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PL
Pomnik Jana III Sobieskiego, chronologicznie drugi po kolumnie Zygmunta warszawski monument o tematyce niereligijnej, wstawiony został przez Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego z okazji 105. rocznicy wiktorii wiedeńskiej. Wyobraża on króla w stroju rzymskiego imperatora, na wspiętym koniu, tratującym dwie leżące postaci. Konne tratowanie wroga to ustalona formuła ikonograficzna sięgająca grecko-rzymskiego antyku, funkcjonująca jako symbol militarnego zwycięstwa nad wrogiem-barbarzyńcą. W Renesansie formuła ta zaczęła być kojarzona ze zwycięstwem odniesionym nad wrogiem religijnym, dzięki „nadprzyrodzonej interwencji Boga”. Wzniesiony u progu rozbiorów konny pomnik króla Jana III Sobieskiego stawiał przed oczy publiczności mobilizujący symbol triumfu oręża Rzeczpospolitej nad jej wrogami.
EN
The Jan III Sobieski Monument, which is chronologically the second nonreligious monument in Warsaw (after Sigismund’s Column), was erected by Stanisław August Poniatowski on the 105th anniversary of the Victory of Vienna. It depicts the king dressed as a Roman emperor and mounted on a rearing horse which is trampling two prostrate figures. A horse trampling a fallen opponent is an established iconographic formula dating back to Graeco-Roman antiquity. It functioned as a symbol of military victory over a barbarian enemy. In the Renaissance, this formula came to be associated with victory over a religious enemy thanks to the “supernatural intervention of God”. Erected on the eve of the partitions, the equestrian statue of King Jan III Sobieski displayed to the public the powerful symbol of the triumph of the Polish army over its enemies.
EN
Philosophy as the contemplation of truth and identification of knowledge with seeing are both Plato's inventions. As a model for his philosophy, Athenian thinker takes religion institution of pilgrimage (theoria), which is very popular in ancient Greece. The book by Andrea Wilson-Nightingale about 'theoria' in ancient Greek philosophy is a valuable contribution to the reconstruction of a social background of arising philosophy.
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