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1

International Solidarity as the Basis for Millennium/Sustainable Development Goals

100%
Szpak A.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2017
|
issue 1
108-124
EN
The paper depicts international solidarity as the pillar on which the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) should be based, along with international cooperation and humanitarian and development aid undertaken within the process, thus contributing to human security and global peace. The implementation of the MDGs and SDGs will help close the gap between economically developed countries and developing ones. Humanitarian and developmental aid as specific forms of international cooperation based on international solidarity and rendered in accordance with the UN Charter are necessary tools to build peace and development, and, as a result, to solve many crises, such as mass migration.
2
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Bezpieczeństwo żołnierzy. Czy gaz łzawiący i oślepiająca broń laserowa powinny być legalną bronią? Uwagi na tle postępu technologicznego

100%
Szpak A.
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
|
2016
|
issue 1(2)
29-39
PL
Międzynarodowe prawo konfliktów zbrojnych reguluje prowadzenie działań zbrojnych i zawiera zasady mające zapewnić ich „humanitaryzację”. Jedną z takich zasad jest zasada niezadawania zbędnego cierpienia żołnierzom. W oparciu o tę zasadę wprowadzono do traktowego prawa konfliktów zbrojnych wiele zakazów używania określonych rodzajów broni, np. broni chemicznej, biologicznej, min przeciwpiechotnych, bomb kasetowych czy oślepiającej broni laserowej. Niektóre z tych zakazów są kwestionowane, zwłaszcza biorąc pod uwagę postępujący rozwój technologiczny i medyczny. Stawiane są pytania typu „czy lepiej jest być martwym czy niewidomym?”, które mają stanowić argument na rzecz regulowania użycia pewnych broni, a nie ich zupełnego zakazywania, jak w przypadku oślepiającej broni laserowej, której dotyczy to pytanie. W artykule przedstawione zostaną argumenty za i przeciw zakazom używania przede wszystkim oślepiającej broni laserowej i gazu łzawiącego. Na tej podstawie Czytelnik będzie w stanie wyrobić sobie zdanie na tytułowy temat.
EN
International law of armed conflict governs the conduct of hostilities and includes rules designed to ensure “humanizing” military actions. One of these principles is the prohibition of causing unnecessary suffering of soldiers. Based on this principle many prohibitions on the use of certain types of weapons were introduced to treaty law of armed conflict, for example chemical weapons, biological weapons, anti-personal landmines, cluster bombs and blinding laser weapons. Some of these prohibitions are challenged especially given the technological and medical development. Questions are asked, including “is it better to be dead or blind?” which are an argument in favor of regulating the use of certain weapons and not their complete ban, as in the case of blinding laser weapons, which applies to this question. The article presents arguments for and against prohibiting the use of above all blinding laser weapons and tear gas. On this basis, the reader will be able to form an opinion on the title topic.
3
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Proliferacja broni ręcznej strzeleckiej i lekkiego uzbrojenia jako czynnik przedłużający trwanie konfliktów zbrojnych

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Szpak A.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
|
2018
|
issue 1(22)
47-62
EN
The proliferation of small arms and light weapons is one of the major national and international security challenges. As such it constitutes the factor fueling armed conflicts and generating as well as increasing the human suffering of most of all civilians. Hence, it is so important to counteract this phenomenon which is indicated by the author of the article. The Arms Trade Treaty, adopted in New York on April 2, 2013, is described in more detail.
PL
Proliferacja broni ręcznej strzeleckiej i lekkiego uzbrojenia jest jednym z istotnych współczesnych zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego i międzynarodowego. Sanowi czynnik przedłużający trwanie konfliktów zbrojnych oraz generujący i zwiększający cierpienia przede wszystkim osób cywilnych. Dlatego tak istotne jest przeciwdziałanie temu zjawisku, na co wskazuje autorka artykułu. Szerzej opisano Traktat o handlu bronią, sporządzony w Nowym Jorku dnia 2 kwietnia 2013 r.
4

Kryzys migracyjny w Europie a bezpieczeństwo – podłoże społeczno-ekonomiczne, zagrożenia, pomoc rozwojowa

100%
Szpak A.
Sprawy Międzynarodowe
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2016
|
issue 1
111-132
EN
The article focuses on the roots of current refugee and economic migration to the European Union and recommends long-term solutions, including developmental aid; against this background the European Union’s reaction is examined. The objective is to point to the significance of long-term solutions to the problem of migrants and refugees, reiterating such key issues as launching economic reconstruction and ensuring security in the countries of origin.
5

Sytuacja społeczno-ekonomiczna ludów tubylczych w Azji w świetle standardów prawnych ONZ

100%
Szpak A.
Sprawy Międzynarodowe
|
2017
|
issue 3
18
EN
The article examines the socio-economic situation of Asian indigenous peoples, especially with respect to their land rights, the right to health and to education. Specific examples are provided and the corresponding legal obligations of states outlined. Also discussed are the controversies over the definition of indigenous peoples in the Asian context.
6

Autonomous weapon in light of international law

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Szpak A.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2013
|
issue 2 (194)
143-160
EN
Along the rapid development and proliferation of autonomous robotic weapons, machines begin to replace people on the battlefields. The use by the USA of Predators or Reapers and other unmanned aerial vehicles (so called drones) in Afghanistan, Pakistan and other places in the world clearly signals distancing of the soldiers from their targets. Some military and robotics experts have predicted that “killer robots” – fully autonomous weapons that could select and engage targets without human intervention – could be developed within 20 to 30 years. At present, military officials generally say that humans will retain some level of supervision over decisions to use lethal force, but their statements often leave open the possibility that robots could one day have the ability to make such choices on their own power. In this paper I will concentrate on the last kind of autonomous weapons, namely fully autonomous ones. It should however be noted that so far such a weapon does not yet exist. Nonetheless, lawyers should already be anticipating the effect of these technologies on international humanitarian law and the conduct of warfare. The thesis of the paper goes as follows: the use of autonomous weapons would be contrary to the basic and fundamental principles of international humanitarian law such as the principle of distinction, proportionality and military necessity and thus illegal. Such weapons are not capable of meeting the conditions enshrined in these principles. As such their use would threaten the well-being, life and health of civilians and civilian populations. On the other hand, there are scholars who are of the opinion that prohibiting the use of autonomous weapons would make no sense at all and that the development of such weapons is inevitable and will take place gradually. Moreover, autonomy in weapon systems might positively promote the aims of the laws of war in some technological configurations and operational circumstances – but not in others. As I will try to demonstrate below, the drawbacks of the use of autonomous weapons are of such magnitude that they exclude its legality. In my opinion, it is legal to use autonomous devices aimed at target identification but not autonomous weapons capable of attacking the target without human interference.
7

AMERICAN PRACTICE OF RENDITIONS AS A CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLE OF ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES (Amerykanska praktyka renditions jako wspólczesny przyklad wymuszonych zaginiec)

100%
Szpak A.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2009
|
issue 1-2(179-180)
177-201
EN
After a short historical introduction of the phenomenon of enforced disappearances, the authoress analyzes it from the point of view of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Enforced disappearance is one of the most serious violations of human rights, very often described as the infrigment of human dignity. The characteristic feature of this crime comprises the fact that the victim is devoid of any legal protection and the authorities deny having her or him under control; thus they refuse the victim any right, in particular a right to a fair trial. The article contains analysis of the following human rights law instruments: the UN General Assembly Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance (1992) and the UN Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance (2006). It also mentions the Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) and Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons (1994).The second part - dedicated to international humanitarian law - presents provisions relevant to the protection from enforced disappearances. They are to be found especially in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977.Taking into account all the provisions, the authoress explains the contemporary example of enforced disappearances namely American renditions or extraordinary renditions undertaken during the so called 'war on terrorism'. Renditions meet all the legal conditions of enforced disappearances which the authoress attempts to prove.
8
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Nowy mechanizm implementacji międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego w ramach inicjatywy Szwajcarii i Międzynarodowego Komitetu Czerwonego Krzyża

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Szpak A.
Prawo i Polityka
|
2015
|
issue 6
177-185
EN
The author presents and analyses the joint initiative of Switzerland and the International Committee of the Red Cross on strengthening the implementation of international humanitarian law. The proposals include regular Meetings of States on International Humanitarian Law, thematic discussions on international humanitarian law issues and national reports presented periodically.
9
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Amnesties: conditio sine qua non for a Lasting Peace Solution or Ticking Time Bomb for Peacebuilding?

100%
Szpak A.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2018
|
vol. 3 (47)
537-552
EN
The author attempts to define amnesty and describe conditions that must be met for amnesties to be in accordance with international law. This in turn involves an analysis of legality of amnesties. The paper also examines motivation for granting amnesty and desirability as well as the future of granting amnesties. In the end a nuanced approach is adopted highlighting the fact that amnesties are neither conditio sine qua non for a lasting peace solution nor ticking time-bombs for peacebuilding. This reflects the idea of this paper that justice is not an absolute and sometimes it might be necessary to let go and combine judicial and non-judicial mechanisms (including the disclosure of truth and reparations for the victims) in order to achieve sustainable peace.
10
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Indigenous Mechanisms of Transitional Justice as Complementary Instruments to State Justice Systems: Cases of mato oput in Uganda, bashingantahe Councils in Burundi and Navajos’ Custom of naat’aani

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Szpak A.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2017
|
vol. 2 (46)
55-70
EN
Transitional justice is resorted to within the framework of transition from armed conflict to peace and from authoritarian regimes to the democratic ones. To reach the aims of transitional justice and to better integrate the needs and perspectives of the indigenous peoples that very often are victims of serious human rights violations in the transitional context, as well as the colonisation context, indigenous instruments of justice may be utilised. As such they may be treated as complementary to other transitional justice mechanisms. The article aims to find a new perspective on the complementary role of the indigenous justice and the State justice systems within the framework of transitional justice as well as to take into account the indigenous peoples’ needs and customs. The overall aim of the paper is to answer the question whether it is desirable for such indigenous justice instruments to complement the State justice systems through a better integration of the needs and customs of indigenous peoples. In the concluding remarks, a model of complementarity model of transitional justice that includes indigenous instruments will be proposed.
11
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Right to the City as a New Paradigm within the Concept of Human Security

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Szpak A.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2016
|
vol. 45
367–381
EN
Cities have been researched mostly in terms of its economic, technological, and social value and significance. Despite some changes in this respect, there is still a need to research cities as a fascinating phenomenon, also in respect of its capabilities to increase human security on a local and global scale. In this context, the article examines the new paradigm of urban development within the human security, namely the right to the city. The author indicates to the growing role of cities for human security and to mutual relations between the right to the city and the concept of human security. The subject matter is indeed as fascinating as fascinating are cities themselves. They are dynamic, energetic, innovative and constantly evolving. The general thesis of the article is that cities adopting the adequate model of urban development such as the one envisioned in the right to the city may and do greatly contribute to human security.
12
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EWOLUCJA DEFINICJI GWAŁTU W ORZECZNICTWIE MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH TRYBUNAŁÓW KARNYCH AD HOC

100%
Szpak A.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
|
2018
|
issue 4(16)
115-129 (15)
EN
The aim of the Article is to present the evolution of the definition of rape in the judgments of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The author points to the mutual interaction between the judgments of both Tribunals and to them using each others output. Before those Tribunals were convened and started to function, there were almost no precedents with regard to rape. In the judgments of ICTY and ICTR it has been confirmed that the crime of rape may be a war crime, a crime against humanity or genocide when certain conditions are met. The hypothesis of this Article is that the title Tribunals – as a result of their legal interpretation – adopted a definition of rape that better protects the victims. The formal-legal research method is used focusing mainly on the analysis of legal documents and judgments.
13
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Edukacja włączająca uczniów niepełnosprawnych – aktualne wyzwania

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Szpak A.
|
2017
|
vol. 13
|
issue 4
12-45
PL
Artykuł porusza problematykę edukacji włączającej uczniów niepełnosprawnych w kontekście wyzwań związanych z realizacją idei inkluzji. Omawiając kategorie specjalnych potrzeb edukacyjnych i rozwojowych uczniów niepełnosprawnych, autorka dokonuje analizy miejsca ucznia niepełnosprawnego w systemie edukacji oraz możliwych form realizacji kształcenia (od segregacji przez integrację do inkluzji). Podjęte w artykule analizy uwarunkowań edukacji inkluzyjnej wskazują na szeroki kontekst wyzwań związanych z jej wdrażaniem. Nowa perspektywa, skoncentrowana na optymalizacji procesu kształcenia wszystkich uczniów, wymaga wprowadzenia istotnych zmian w myśleniu o edukacji i jej celach, ale także modyfikacji treści, koncepcji, struktur i strategii działania. Kluczowym zadaniem edukacji włączającej jest przekształcenie systemu oświatowego w sferze programowej i organizacyjnej tak, aby odpowiedzieć na zróżnicowane potrzeby uczniów i zapewnić im realizację ich indywidualnego potencjału. Efektywne wdrażanie założeń edukacji inkluzyjnej opierać się powinno na kompleksowym przygotowaniu nauczycieli, rozwijaniu ich kwalifikacji i kompetencji odpowiedzialnego działania w jej obszarze. Nauczyciele nie są jednak jedynymi ogniwami w procesie rozwoju szkoły włączającej, lecz stanowią jedynie część szerszego systemu, którego najważniejsze komponenty stanowiące wyzwanie dla realizacji idei stały się przedmiotem podjętych analiz.
EN
The article discusses the issue of inclusive education of students with disabilities in the context of challenges associated with the implementation of the idea of inclusion. Discussing the categories of special educational needs and development of students with disabilities, the author analyses the place of a student with a disability in the education system, and the possible implementation model of education (from segregation, through integration, till inclusion). Analyses of inclusive education conditions indicate the broad context of the challenges associated with their implementation. The new perspective, focused on the optimizing the educational process of all students, requires significant changes in thinking about education and its objectives, but also modifying the content, concepts, structures and strategies. The key task of inclu¬sive education is to transform the educational system in its program and organization in order to respond to the various needs of students and provide them opportunity of realizing their individual potential. Effective implementation of inclusive education should be based on the teachers comprehensive preparation, developing their skills and competences of responsible action in the area. Teachers are not the only ele¬ments in the process of inclusive school development, but they are part of a wider system discussed in the article.
14
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Cities and human security

100%
Szpak A.
Torun International Studies
|
2015
|
issue 8
119-133
EN
Cities have been researched mostly in terms of their economic, technological, and social value and significance. Despite some changes in this respect there is still a need to research cities as a fascinating phenomenon, also in respect of its capabilities to increase human security on a local and global scale. The article examines the role of cities for human security in the selected and representative fields such as sustainable development, human rights and environmental protection which are components of human security. The subject matter is indeed fascinating as fascinating are cities themselves. They are dynamic, energetic, innovative and constantly evolving. The general thesis of the article is that cities may and do greatly contribute to human security.
15
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Editorial

51%
Szpak A., Modrzyńska J., Gawłowski R.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2019
|
vol. 1 (48)
5-8
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