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EN
The author makes an attempt to diagnose the most significant causes of contemporary economic crises and to verify the hypothesis which assumes that the reasons for the contemporary crises are totally different in comparison to typical crises of the 19th and the 20th centuries. What emerges from this consideration is that a surplus of supply of goods was the fundamental issue undelying classical crises, which was due to the momentum of investments that did not bring in the expected profits. These days, however, financial phenomena underly the economic recession.
EN
The economies of the 21st century are influenced by specific development processes: globalization, liberalzation, integration, computerization which to a large extent determine functions and tasks attributed to the state and thereby to the public sector. The authoress makes an attempt at determining the role of the public sector in contemporary development processes. The realization of the aim of this paper has required conducting an analysis of theoretical foundations of functioning of the public sector, showing the evolution of its functions and objectives as well as highlighting new challenges.
EN
The article deals with the problem of public sector effectiveness and it is targeted at indicating factors that make it more effective. This issue can be regarded as a significant, both theorethical and empirical, problem because subjects in the public sector are characterized by some specificity which does not always allow us to spot real relations concerning their effectiveness. However, this does not mean that we can pass over the issue of effectiveness of subjects in the public sector while estimating their functioning.
EN
The article discusses the importance of evaluation in shaping effective public policies. Its purpose is to answer the question of whether and in what conditions evaluations can be a tool for improving the efficiency of public policies. The article has a theoretical nature and is based on studies of both domestic and foreign literature. The analysis presented in the paper shows that from a theoretical point of view the evaluation (along with its methodology and analytical tools) can be an effective instrument for improving the efficiency of public policies. In practice, however, this efficiency mainly depends on such factors as: the model of governance or the mentality of public administration representatives.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy istnieje zależność pomiędzy modelem świadczenia usług komunalnych a kondycją finansową gmin? Badaniami objęto 40 wylosowanych gmin województwa podlaskiego. Wykorzystano takie metody, jak: studia literatury przedmiotu, zgromadzenie i analiza danych statystycznych zawartych w rocznikach statystycznych oraz w Banku Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego, oraz opracowanie zgromadzonego materiału faktograficznego za pomocą metod statystyki opisowej i matematycznej. Na podstawie danych o sytuacji finansowej (dochody, wydatki, deficyt, zadłużenie itp.) gmin w 2016 r. obliczono wskaźniki opisujące ich kondycję finansową, po czym określono zależność pomiędzy syntetyczną miarą kondycji finansowej a modelem świadczenia usług komunalnych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że w ponad połowie gmin realizację usług komunalnych zleca się bądź powierza zewnętrznym podmiotom. Model ten, określany jako outsourcingowy, występuje przede wszystkim w gminach wiejskich. Kolejnym co do częstości występowania, jest model mieszany, który zidentyfikowano w 35% gmin. W modelu tym występują w zasadzie wszystkie dopuszczalne formy realizacji zadań. Model autonomiczny zidentyfikowano w trzech gminach wiejskich, natomiast model komercyjny występuje w dwóch gminach: miejskiej i mieście na prawach powiatu. Z badań wynika ponadto, że kondycję finansową ¾ ogółu badanych gmin można określić jako przeciętną. W grupie tej znalazły się wszystkie typy gmin. Jednocześnie nie wykazano statystycznej zależności pomiędzy modelem świadczenia usług komunalnych a kondycją finansową gmin. Oznacza to, że w odniesieniu do badanych gmin, ich sytuacja finansowa nie jest czynnikiem determinującym wybór formy organizacyjno-prawnej świadczenia usług komunalnych.
EN
The aim of the paper is to an attempt to answer the question: Whether exist dependance between a model of supplying communal services and the financial condition of communes? The survey had covered 40 randomly selected communes of Podlaskie Voivodeship. In research have been used methods like studies of the literature of the object, gather and analysis of statistical data contained in a statistical yearbook and in CSO Local Data Bank also the elaboration of gathered factual material by mathematical and descriptive statistical methods. On the basis of financial situation data of communes in 2016 (revenues, expenditures, shortfall, debt etc.) have been calculated the indicators describing their financial condition, after which specified the correlation between a synthetic measure of financial condition and model of supplying the communal services. According to survey over half of the communes assign either consign realization of communal services for external entities. This model is specified as an outsourcing, it occurs especially in rural communes. Another most commonly used is a mixed model, which has been identified in 35% of communes. In this model appears mostly every acceptable form of tasks realization. The autonomic model has been identified in three rural communes, while commercial model occurs in two communes: urban and town on poviat rights. Moreover, the survey demonstrates that the financial condition of three-quarters of all surveyed communes might be defined as average. In the examined group have been all types of communes. Simultaneously the research indicated that there is no statistical dependence between a model of supplying the communal services and financial condition of communes. It means that in relation to surveyed communes their financial situation is not a factor which determines the selection of the organizational and legal form of supplying communal services.
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