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Semantic Change in the Domain of Modality: English "must" and Polish "musieć"

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Lubańska M.
Anglica Wratislaviensia
|
2014
|
issue 52
85 - 97
EN
The research on grammaticalisation has shown that morphosyntactic change is not necessarily unidirectional as originally postulated. Semantic change, however, tends to be unidirectional: the meaning undergoes subjectification, shifting from the speaker-external to the speaker-internal perspective, never the other way round. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on two modal verbs, English must and Polish musieć, and it shows that, semantically, both verbs developed in the same direction. To account for the changes, the author uses the Invited Inferencing Theory, as put forward in Traugott and Dasher (2005). The data presented clearly support the thesis that unidirectionality does hold at the semantic level.
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Shall in Present-Day English

100%
Lubańska M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2012
|
vol. 1
65-74
EN
The paper aims at presenting the contemporary usage of the verb shall in Modern English. The traditional principles governing the usage of shall constitute a complex paradigm in which the implications of different forms change according to the person of the subject. The statistics show that the verb shall experienced a dramatic fall in frequency of use between the early 1960s and 1990s. The author is aiming at presenting the evolution of the verb shall throughout the centuries, its reorganization and the way it has altered. The Old English shall expressed obligation/necessity whereas the Middle English usage indicated to the predicative element of the verb in question. Furthermore, the author explores the difference in application between will and shall. The semantic shift of 'shall' appears to be a natural consequence of the competition it lost to will. Moreover, in 'shall' seems to be retracting to the narrow niche of seldom usage. The article also indicates to the use of shall in present-day English both in American and British varieties. In American English, which is commonly assumed to be more advanced and open to change than British English, 'shall' seems to survive in the contexts where it expresses deontic meaning.
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