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1
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Etyka słowa w edukacji obcojęzycznej na przykładzie nauczania języka niemieckiego

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Żurawlew T.
Orbis Linguarum
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2018
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issue 52
105-116
EN
Communication ethics in foreign language teaching (based on the example of teaching German as a foreign language) Drawing on both the theory of communication ethics and his personal experience in teaching the principles of moral communication, the author puts forward a proposal to include them in foreign language teaching, and specifically in teaching German as a foreign language. The reflections presented in the paper are directed at teachers of German in senior classes in secondary schools, who deal with advanced preadult students. Considerations about class didactics are preceded by the presentation of the bases and aims of such education. The model which is postulated by the author includes reflections on such issues as the use of language with respect to human dignity, discrimination, domination, lying and manipulation as manifestations of unethical communication.
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Językowy obraz kobiety i mężczyzny w aforyzmach Gertrudy von le Fort

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Żurawlew T.
Religious and Sacred Poetry: An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture and Education
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2014
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issue 4(8)
149-174
PL
W niniejszej publikacji mowa jest o językowym obrazie kobiety i mężczyzny w aforyzmach Gertrud von le Fort, niemieckiej pisarki żyjącej w latach 1876-1971, której twórczość określają inspiracje religijne. Podjęte tu rozważania wchodzą w zakres semantyki leksykalnej i korespondują z językoznawstwem aksjologicznym oraz nowszym nurtem badań językoznawczych, tzw. teolingwistyką. Autor poddaje semantycznej analizie sposób, w jaki Gertrud von le Fort kategoryzuje i wartościuje w swoich aforyzmach relację zachodzącą między kobietą i mężczyzną. Interesuje go etyka mowy poetki oraz wartości semantyczne tworzące w jej idiolekcie obraz obu płci. Ponieważ sferę aksjologiczną aforyzmów Gertrud von le Fort konstytuuje język doświadczenia religijnego, autor zwraca również uwagę na sposób, w jaki przedstawiana jest w badanych aforyzmach duchowość kobiety i mężczyzny. Refleksja metodologiczna oparta jest o studium wiedzy z zakresu badań nad językowym obrazem świata. Autor definiuje to zagadnienie, przedstawiając pierwotną koncepcję Wilhelma von Humboldta oraz współczesne koncepcje badawcze m.in. Jerzego Bartmińskiego i Ryszarda Tokarskiego, a następnie odnosi je do relacji, jaka zachodzi między językowym obrazem świata a literaturą. Rozważania wzbogacone są o notę biograficzną Gertrud von le Fort, której poetycka i prozatorska twórczość stała się na początku XX wieku oznaką duchowego odrodzenia Niemiec. Przedstawione zostały najważniejsze fakty z życia poetki oraz rozwój jej pisarskiego kunsztu. Autor przypomina m.in. o Hymnach do Kościoła (Hymnen an die Kirche) – jednym z najważniejszych poematów niegdyś protestanckiej pisarki, w którym zawarła swój własny duchowy proces zbliżania się do katolicyzmu. Praca stanowi oryginalny wkład autora do badań nad literacką spuścizną Gertrud von le Fort. Jak dotąd nie były prowadzone żadne analizy ujmujące jej aforystyczną twórczość z punktu wiedzenia językoznawstwa kulturowego, uwzględniającego aspekty aksjologiczne jej idiolektu. Refleksja dowodzi m.in., że orientacja estetyczna języka le Fort oparta jest o ideę wzajemności kobiety i mężczyzny, i że obraz obu płci zastany w aforyzmach pisarki jest spójny z ich potocznym wyobrażeniem zakorzenionym w tradycji chrześcijańskiej. Tym samym praca może być społecznie ważnym przyczynkiem do dalszych rozważań z zakresu wywiedzionej z literatury chrześcijańskiej antropologii płci.
EN
The following paper deals with a linguistic image of man and woman in the aphorisms of Gertrud von le Fort, a German writer whose dates are 1876-1971 and whose oeuvre is determined by religious inspirations. Reflections undertaken in this paper are related to the field of lexical semantics and correspond with axiological linguistics as well as the latest tend in linguistic studies, the so called theological linguistics. The semantic analysis carried out in the paper addresses the ways in which Gertrud von le Fort categorises and evaluates the relation between a man and a woman in her aphorisms. The author of the paper is interested in the ethics of the poet's utterance as well as semantic properties that create the images of both sexes in le Fort's idiolect. Since the axiological sphere of Gertrud von le Fort's aphorisms is constituted by the language of religious experience, the author of this paper also concentrates on the ways in which spirituality of a man and a woman is represented in the aphorisms under discussion. Methodological reflection focuses on recent developments in the studies on the linguistic image of the world. The author defines this issue by referring to the original concept formulated by Wilhelm von Humboldt as well as recent research conceptions of Jerzy Bartmiński and Ryszard Tokarski, among others. He then relates them to interdependence between literature and the linguistic image of the world. The reflections are enriched by a biographical note of Gertrude von le Fort, whose poetry and prose became a symbol of spiritual rebirth of Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Major facts of the poet's life as well as her artistic skill in writing are presented in the paper. The author evokes Hymns to the Church (Hymnen an die Kirche) that belong to the most important texts of this formerly protestant writer – in which she presented her own spiritual process of moving closer to Catholicism. The author of this paper provides an original input into the studies on the literary legacy of Gertrud von le Fort. So far no studies have been conducted on her aphoristic oeuvre from the angle of cultural linguistics that includes axiological aspects of her idiolect. The reflection proves that the esthetically-oriented language of le Fort is based on the idea of mutuality between man and woman and that the images of both sexes found in the writer's aphorisms are consistent with a popular perception rooted in Christian tradition. Theat is why this paper may become an important contribution to further considerations in the field of gender anthropology inferred from Christian literature.
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Kultura duchowa w języku i tekście

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Żurawlew T.
Religious and Sacred Poetry: An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture and Education
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2014
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issue 3(7)
205-212
PL
Tekst jest zaproszeniem na międzynarodową konferencję zatytułowaną Kultura duchowa w języku i tekście, która ma miejsce w Olsztynie w Polsce w 2015 roku. Wydarzenie to poświęcone jest dyskusji duchowego wymiaru współczesnej kultury, szczególnie w Polsce i Niemczech.
EN
The text is an invitation for the international conference entitled Spiritual culture in langauge and in text, that is to take place in Olsztyn in Poland 2015. This event is dedicated to a discussion of spiritual dimensions of contemporary culture, especially in Poland and in Germany.
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Zu den Aufgaben der gegenwärtigen Kommunikationsethik aus der Perspektive der sprachethischen Nachkriegsreflexion Dolf Sternbergers

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Żurawlew T.
Orbis Linguarum
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2018
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issue 50
489-508
EN
About the tasks of the contemporary communication ethics from Dolf Sternberger’s post-war reflection perspective on communication morality The aim of the publication is to analyze the tasks of the contemporary discourse of the communication ethics in relation to post-war reflection of the German journalist Dolf Sternberger concerning the moral use of language and to point out new research and didactic perspectives of this discourse. The author turns reader’s attention to the need to justify moral communication rules, primarily on the personalistic basis recognizing interpersonal communication as personal participation of language users in a given community. Moreover, he states that the task of communication ethics as an academic discipline is, among other things, to establish criteria for describing speech actions in relation to highly regarded values and those protected by law and to identify mechanisms of unethical use of language. According to him, communication ethics as a didactic discipline should promote values on which moral use of language is based, show effects of unethical speech actions and among others, propagate desirable ways of using a word on a moral basis.
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JĘZYKOWY OBRAZ BOGA W IDIOLEKCIE WILLIBALDA OMANSENA

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Żurawlew T.
Acta Neophilologica
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2013
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vol. XV/1
227-238
EN
The present analysis attempts to characterise a certain specific aspect of the image of God as reflected in the language of Willibald Omansen as well as to uncover some of the linguistic mechanisms this German writer employs. Maintained in the general framework of lexical semantics, the analysis focuses on the central lexeme God together with its connotational frame as well as on the indirectness with which the conceptualisation of God is encoded linguistically, typical of Omansen’s idiolect.
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Gottes Mühlen mahlen langsam [mahlen aber trefflich fein]... Zum Bild Gottes in der deutschen Phraseologie

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Żurawlew T.
Acta Neophilologica
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2021
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vol. XXIII/2
83-94
EN
The aim of this publication was to reconstruct the image of God that has been perpetuated in the German language through fixed collocations. Based on a methodological reflection, the author attempted to determine which of God’s attributes are conveyed in these expressions. Attempts were also made to identify the linguistic mechanisms that contributed to that process. The author concluded that the image of God present in German phraseology was clearly consistent with the biblical worldview. In the German language, God is depicted as someone good, just, trustworthy, but sometimes also wrathful and stern. According to the beliefs conveyed by the German language, God dwells in heaven, from which He rules over the world as God almighty. God is portrayed explicitly or implicitly, often through metaphorical and metonymic structures. God’s attributes are frequently portrayed in a language whose modality is full of reverence and supplication and is indicative of man’s dependence on Him, as well as through the use of exclusively adulatory vocabulary.
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Zur Spezifität des Bewertens der Sprechsituation in ausgewählten phraseologischen Wortverbindungen

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Żurawlew T.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2020
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issue XXII/2
235–249
DE
Im Beitrag wurde die Problematik des Bewertens kommunikativer Handlungen besprochen, das sich in den zur Analyse ausgewählten phraseologischen Wortverbindungen fixiert hat. Der Autor beschreibt u. a. die Art und Weise, auf welche es zu diesem Bewerten kommt, er bestimmt dessen Kriterien und beantwortet die Frage, welche Anforderungen der zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation sich in den Phraseologismen, die zum Gegenstand der Untersuchung wurden, manifestieren. Da die Qualität der Sprechsituation die Kommunikationshaltungen der Sprachbenutzer beeinflussen, richtet der Autor seine Aufmerksamkeit auch auf die im untersuchten Material enthaltenen sprachlichen Exponenten des Bewertens der erwähnten Haltungen. Er kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die in diesem Material fixierten Wertungen der Sprechsituation einen komplexeren Charakter haben und sich aus den für die Menschen wichtigen pragmatischen, moralischen und ästhetischen Bedingungen ergeben.
PL
W artykule omówiono problematykę wartościowania działań komunikacyjnych, które utrwaliło się w wybranych do analizy frazeologicznych związkach wyrazowych. Autor ustala m.in. sposób, w jaki wartościowanie to zachodzi, określa kryteria tego wartościowania, odpowiada na pytanie, jakie postulaty dotyczące międzyludzkiej komunikacji utrwaliły się w poddanych analizie frazeologizmach. Ponieważ na sytuację mówienia składają się postawy komunikacyjne użytkowników języka, autor zwraca również uwagę na zawarte w badanym materiale językowe wykładniki oceny tych postaw. Dochodzi do wniosku, że utrwalone w nim wartościowanie sytuacji mówienia ma charakter co najmniej kilkuaspektowy i wynika z ważnych dla człowieka uwarunkowań pragmatycznych, moralnych i estetycznych.
EN
The problem discussed in the article concerns the evaluation of communicative acts encoded in some fixed phrases which were selected for the analysis. The author describes the manner in which the evaluation is conducted, determines the criteria of this evaluation and considers the question of which postulates related to interpersonal communication are encoded in the examined phraseologisms. As the speech situation is influenced by communicative attitudes of language users, the article discusses the evaluation of such attitudes and its exponents in the studied material. In the conclusions it is stated that the evaluation of the speech situation encoded in the examined phraseologisms has at least a few aspects and is conditioned by pragmatic, moral and aesthetic factors which are important for the language user.
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„PO ILU PATYKACH ZANIKA ETYKA?” O POLITYCZNYCH I METAFIZYCZNYCH HORYZONTACH EPIGRAMATYKI WACŁAWA KLEJMONTA

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Żurawlew T.
Acta Neophilologica
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2012
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vol. XIV/1
211-222
EN
The present paper aims at an analysis of the axiological paradigm in the satirical output of Wacław Klejmont, a poet, essayist and literary critic, locally well known in the culture of the Polish Warmia and Masuria. The author attempts to set a broader context of the epigrams and specifically focuses on their theological aspects that have not yet been so well exposed in the Polish aphoristic literature.
9
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Was sagt uns das Deutsche über den Teufel? Axiolinguistische Überlegungen in Anlehnung an repräsentative Redewendungen

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Żurawlew T.
Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław
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2023
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issue 23
213-225
EN
This aim of this article was to describe the representations of the devil in German phraseology based on an analysis of representative phraseological units. Special emphasis was placed on the axiological potential of these depictions, which is why the descriptive method relied on the conceptual apparatus of axiological linguistics. The study demonstrated that in semantic presuppositions, the main axiological criterion for formulating value judgements about the devil is associated with the concept of moral evil. The analysis also revealed that some of the analyzed phraseological units carry information about esthetic and pragmatic criteria for evaluating the devil. In language, the devil is portrayed metaphorically as a creature that elicits disgust and disapproval. The devil is also depicted as a hybrid being with both animal and human characteristics, and as a deceitful and cunning creature that leads man to evil. The devil exercises authority through its duplicitous influence on human beings. However, an analysis of deeply-seated beliefs that are epitomized by the German language indicates that devil’s power is not absolute because in language users’ perception, it can be broken by supreme forces that are imbued with a sense of holiness. It was found that phraseological units containing the lexeme devil assign negative value to undesirable human attitudes, life situations and states. The axiolinguistic analysis also revealed that these phraseological units can perform expressive and persuasive functions in a given speech situation.
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