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Retirement privileges of civil servants in the Second Polish Republic

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae
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2016
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vol. 33
55-68
EN
During the times of the Second Polish Republic the civil servants, teachers, the military, postal and railway workers were not covered by the universal social insurance, because before the social insurance act came into force, they were covered by pension systems guaranteeing more advantageous benefits. Persons working in state administration had a privileged position compared to the employees in general, both in terms of the scope and level of the benefits and their entire coverage by the State. The level of the pensions depended on the years of service and after 10 years of service amounted to 40% and was increasing every year by 2.4% or 3% up to 100%. The civil servants acquired the right to the pension already after 10 years and as of 1934 after 15 years of civil or military service. In special cases they were entitled to pension after 5 years already.
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Debate Over the Economic Role of the State in Poland in the Works of the Representatives of the Kraków School, the Leviathan Organization and the First Economic Brigade in the Years 1919–1939

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae
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2017
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vol. 35
27-46
EN
As Poland regained independence in 1918, it immediately had to deal with the question of how to shape its political and economic system. One important but at the same time controversial issue was the level of the state’s involvement in the economic life of the country and the measures used. In numerous debates among economists, the dominant topics included problems in the industry - in particular issues such as statism, monopolization, policy towards cartels and, in the later period, economic planning. The article presents the course of the discussion on the role of the state in the economy that took place in Poland in the years 1918-1939, as well as a review of arguments put forward by the proponents and opponents of state’s economic interventionism. For the purpose of this article, three groups that were most active in the debate were selected: the Kraków School, the Leviathan organization and the First Economic Brigade.
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Unemployment in Poland in 1918–2018​

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
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2018
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issue 3 (35)
102-120
PL
Artykuł stanowi syntetyczne omówienie i analizę zjawiska bezrobocia w trzech okresach – Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, Polski Ludowej oraz Trzeciej Rzeczypospolitej. Bezrobocie w Polsce w całym badanym okresie było konsekwencją zarówno uwarunkowań historycznych, jak i zmian ekonomiczno-społecznych. W okresie międzywojennym bezrobocie było efektem powojennego wyżu demograficznego, zacofanej struktury gospodarczej państwa oraz wielkiego kryzysu gospodarczego. Po drugiej wojnie światowej Polska znalazła się w bloku państw komunistycznych, a ideologia komunistyczna zakładała likwidację bezrobocia i realizację polityki pełnego zatrudnienia. W PRL realizacja polityki pełnego zatrudnienia przyniosła w efekcie bezrobocie ukryte, będące dużym obciążeniem dla państwowej gospodarki. Sytuacja uległa zmianie po transformacji ustrojowej lat 90. Po 1989 r. ponownie pojawiło się prawnie usankcjonowane bezrobocie, które było wynikiem przemian gospodarczych i społecznych. We wszystkich badanych okresach bezrobocie najbardziej dotykało młodzież oraz kobiety. Problem bezrobocia (zmniejszającego się w ostatnich latach) nadal dotyczy polskiej gospodarki. Dzięki pomocy Unii Europejskiej oraz rządowym programom rynku pracy zjawisko to ma znacznie łagodniejszy charakter.
EN
The article presents a synthetic analysis of unemployment in three periods of Polish history: the Second Polish Republic, the Polish People’s Republic (PRL) and the Third Polish Republic. In all these periods, unemployment was a consequence of historical conditions as well as economic and social changes. In the interwar period, the unemployment was a result of a traditional economic structure, the Great Depression and the post-war demographic boom. After the Second World War Poland became part of the Soviet bloc, and the official ideology declared full employment. In the Polish People’s Republic the consequence of this policy was hidden unemployment, which proved a heavy burden for the economy. Official unemployment returned after 1989, as a result of economic and social changes. In all the three abovesaid time spans, women and young people were most significantly affected by the unemployment. This issue is still regarded as crucial, though thanks to government programmes and aid provided by the European Union, its effects appear to be less severe.
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Odbudowa gmachu doświadczalnego Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie po II wojnie światowej

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
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2016
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issue 3
109-126
PL
In 2008 the Campus of the Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) was entered into the register of monuments. The Research Pavilion, so called Building A, is the oldest of the campus buildings. It was constructed between WWI and WWII according to the design of Jan Koszczyc-Witkiewicz, one of the most renowned contemporary architects. During WWII, immediately after the end of the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans burnt down this building despite the signed capitulation agreement guaranteeing the protection of Polish national heritage monuments. The building accommodated at that time the archives of Polish pre-war state institutions, which were completely destroyed. The building was reconstructed after the WWII as a results of the efforts of the university authorities and personal involvement of Professor Stanisław Skrzywan. The paper presents the process of reconstruction of the listed building based on archive sources - the Archives of the capital city of Warsaw (the archives of the Capital Reconstruction Bureau)and SGH Archives (the minutes from meetings of the SGH Senate), the memoires and contemporary press
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Profesor Piotr Jachowicz (1955-2017)

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Jarosz-Nojszewska  A.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
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2017
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issue 2
225-228
PL
Dnia 18 lutego 2017r. po długiej chorobie zmarł prof. dr hab. Piotr Jachowicz, który prawie całe swoje życie był związany ze Szkołą Główną Handlową w Warszawie. Po ukończeniu warszawskiego Liceum Ogólnokształcącego nr IX im. K. Hoffmanowej w październiku 1973 r. rozpoczął studia w Szkole Głównej Planowania i Statystyki na Wydziale Ekonomiki Produkcji. Uczelnię ukończył z wynikiem bardzo dobrym, broniąc pracę magisterską pt. Metodologiczne problemy analizy struktury społecznej, którą przygotował pod kierunkiem prof. Tadeusza Stępnia w Katedrze Nauk Politycznych. W październiku 1979 r. podjął pracę w Szkole Głównej Planowania i Statystyki. Początkowo został zatrudniony na stanowisku asystenta stażysty w Instytucie Nauk Politycznych i Filozofii (Zakład Nauk Politycznych) przy Wydziale Ekonomiczno-Społecznym. Przez kilka kolejnych lat prowadził zajęcia z przedmiotu Podstawy nauk politycznych, jednak rosnące zainteresowanie tematyką historyczną spowodowało, że nawiązał współpracę z Katedrą Historii Gospodarczej i Społecznej SGPiS, gdzie prowadził fakultatywny wykład "Historia polityczna Polski Ludowej" dla studentów Wydziału Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. W październiku 1986r. został pracownikiem Katedry Historii Gospodarczej i Społecznej. Pracował w niej do końca życia, najpierw jako asystent, potem od 1989 r. jako adiunkt, a od 2007 r. profesor SGH.(fragment tekstu)
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Smelting Industry in the Second Republic

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
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2017
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issue 2
49-69
PL
The article discusses the iron and steel industry of the Second Polish Republic. It starts with an assessment of the state of the sector at the beginning of independence, and the impact of incorporating parts of Silesia into the country, in particular in terms of available resources. While local coal was fit for processing into coke, special types of coal needed to be imported. The situation improved after the occupation of Zaolzie. Apart from prospecting works, the article explores investment processes in the sector, and the creation of conglomerates
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Aleksander Konstanty Ivánka (1904-1975)

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2011
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vol. 251
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issue 10
99-115
EN
The article reflects on the life and career of the late Hungarian-Polish economist and journalist Aleksander Konstanty Ivánka (1904-1975), with a special focus on his work during the period between the two world wars. A search at the Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN) in Warsaw and the Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) Archives, combined with an analysis of historic publications and material, enabled the author to retrace the course of Ivánka’s professional career, his work as an economist and journalist as well as his socioeconomic views. Ivánka was a Pole of Hungarian origin who graduated from the Warsaw School of Economics and went to work as a senior official at the Ministry of the Treasury. He also worked at the Central Statistical Office (GUS) and was one of the closest collaborators of former Warsaw Mayor Stefan Starzyński. In 1931, together with a group of associates, Ivánka founded Gospodarka Narodowa, a weekly in which he published many of his articles. He was also a member of the editorial board of Gospodarka Narodowa. In his work as a researcher and journalist, Ivánka mainly dealt with issues related to cartels and trusts, but in the early 1930s he also studied internal trade statistics. During World War II, in his capacity as financial director of the City Administration, Ivánka played a major role in managing Warsaw’s finances. After the war he continued his research career. He lectured at the University of Warsaw, the Warsaw School of Economics-then called the Central School of Planning and Statistics (SGPiS)-and the Łódź University of Economics. He also worked at the Central Planning Office (CUP) and the central auditing office NIK. Ivánkawrote a book entitled Wspomnienia skarbowca (1964).
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Józef Krzyczkowski i Zespół Społeczno-Narodowy

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2011
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vol. 252
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issue 11-12
141-159
EN
The article reflects on the life and work of economist and politician Józef Krzyczkowski (1901-1989), with a special focus on his ties with organizations such as the National Economy Club and the Social National Club. The author examines Krzyczkowski’s professional career using data collected at the Warsaw School of Economics Archives and the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw. Krzyczkowski’s social and economic activities in the period between the two world wars and after WW II were of special interest to Jarosz-Nojszewska. She also delves into the wartime experiences of Krzyczkowski, who commanded Polish Home Army troops in Kampinos Forest in his capacity as Lt. Col. “Szymon.” The main part of the article is dedicated to Krzyczkowski’s involvement in economic discussion clubs in the 1930s. This is the least researched period of his life, Jarosz-Nojszewska says. Krzyczkowski co-founded an organization called the National Economy Club. After the death of Poland’s erstwhile leader Marshal Józef Piłsudski, Krzyczkowski founded another organization called the Social National Club, which published its own weekly periodical entitled Zespół. The Social National Club called for far-reaching political and economic changes in Poland, as reflected by its key publication Podstawy doktryny społeczno-narodowej (The Fundamentals of the Social National Doctrine). The publication provoked criticism of the National Economy Club community, whose members were accused of disseminating communism, especially by those with conservative views. The dispute reached the courtroom, but it remained unresolved due to the outbreak of WW II.
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Józef Maria Poniatowski i „Gospodarka Narodowa”

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2011
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vol. 248
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issue 5-6
123-139
EN
The author discusses the socioeconomic views of onetime Polish economist and military leader Józef Maria Poniatowski (1897-1995) and his ties to Gospodarka Narodowa (National Economy) magazine, which was published every two weeks in the 1930s. Although Poniatowski was considered to be one of the leading economic policy makers of his time, no attempts were made to discuss his economic views in Polish scientific literature up to now, according to Jarosz-Nojszewska. She analyzes Poniatowski’s publications and presents his views about the most important economic problems of interwar Poland, on the basis of documents from the Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN) in Warsaw as well as the archives of the Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) and Warsaw Agricultural University (SGGW). The author highlights some of the key facts from Poniatowski’s life as well as his family ties, which had a huge impact on his views, especially in issues related to agricultural policy. Józef Poniatowski came from a family of landowners. He graduated in economics from the Warsaw School of Economics, and also had a degree in agriculture from Warsaw Agricultural University and a degree in law from the University of Paris. In the 1920s and 1930s, Poniatowski worked as a researcher and also dealt with politics. He was one of the co-founders and most active members of a business association known as the National Economy Club. He published dozens of articles in Gospodarka Narodowa, most of them focusing on the problems of the countryside and agricultural issues as well as government economic policies. For example, he frequently criticized stopgap measures and short-term arrangements in the government’s agrarian policy. He called for an increased role of the state and government intervention in the agriculture sector and the economy as a whole, and advocated more decisive and far-reaching steps in various areas. He argued that an agrarian reform and related changes in the agrarian structure of the country were critical to reducing the Polish economy’s vulnerability to fluctuations in economic trends. Poniatowski pointed out that a land reform could alleviate the country’s economic problems by expanding the internal market. He highlighted the dramatic debt problem of Polish agriculture. He also wrote about cartels, a topic that was directly related to his work as a Cartel Court judge. However, his best known works were dedicated to the issue of agrarian overpopulation. A few years before World War II, he was appointed director of a government economic bureau, a position of key importance to the Polish economic policy of the time and one that enabled Poniatowski to take part in government economic policy making. World War II interrupted his career. After the war Poniatowski did not return to the country from exile, and continued his scientific and political pursuits while living abroad.
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Gospodarka Narodowa - Gospodarka Planowa - Gospodarka Narodowa

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2011
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vol. 245
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issue 1-2
1-18
EN
The article examines the origins of Gospodarka Narodowa and the magazine’s evolution from 1931 to 2011. The author analyzes press reports and archival materials to trace the publication’s history over the past 80 years. Gospodarka Narodowawas started in 1931 as an initiative by economist Czesław Bobrowski. The magazine was initially published every two weeks. It quickly became one of the most influential economic periodicals in Poland in the period between World War I and II. At the time, Gospodarka Narodowa focused on general economic topics and was run by a team of young editors who targeted a mostly young audience. One of the magazine’s characteristic features was its considerable independence and an apolitical approach. The magazine brought together a number of up-and-coming Warsaw economists, who set up a prestigious organization known as the National Economic Club. In the postwar period, Bobrowski, who was chairman of the no-longer-existing Central Planning Office (CUP), came up with the idea of reviving the magazine. The new biweekly publication, renamed Gospodarka Planowa, initially followed up on what its predecessor did in terms of form and content, however it was controlled by the Central Planning Office. In the late 1940s, the magazine found itself completely dependent on the decision makers at the time and became a mouthpiece and propaganda tool of the country’s communist authorities. As a result of political changes in Poland in 1956, Gospodarka Planowa was transformed into a scientific and economic monthly whose contributors included top Polish economists at the time. In 1990, the magazine reverted to its original title. Today Gospodarka Narodowa is one of the most highly rated Polish magazines dealing with economic issues.
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90 Years of Gospodarka Narodowa

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Konat G., Jarosz-Nojszewska A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2021
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vol. 308
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issue 4
5-22
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie historii czasopisma naukowego Gospodarka Narodowa (w latach 1946–1989 funkcjonującego pod nazwą Gospodarka Planowa), ze szczególnym naciskiem na zagadnienia, którym poświęcone były publikowane w nim artykuły, organizację pracy redakcji oraz osoby związane z periodykiem. W tym celu skorzystano zarówno ze źródeł, jak i istniejących opracowań, a także przeprowadzono analizę cytowań prac publikowanych w czasopiśmie oraz – gdy było to możliwe – częstości wykorzystywania w nich poszczególnych kodów klasyfikacji JEL. Poza przedstawieniem pierwszego syntetycznego ujęcia dziewięciu dekad funkcjonowania Gospodarki Narodowej/Gospodarki Planowej, artykuł wnosi do dyscypliny oryginalny wkład w postaci wskazania najczęściej cytowanych artykułów opublikowanych w czasopiśmie. Ustalono, że najważniejszymi obszarami zainteresowań autorów Gospodarki Narodowej w ostatnich dziesięciu latach są zagadnienia dotyczące makroekonomii, w tym ekonomii monetarnej, ekonomii międzynarodowej, ekonomii finansowej i wzrostu gospodarczego, a wielu z nich preferuje jednoznacznie ilościowe podejście do badania tych problemów. Artykuł kończy konkluzja, że chociaż Gospodarka Narodowa przeszła długą ewolucję, ostatecznie stała się pismem stricte naukowym, który to charakter zachowuje do dziś.
EN
The aim of this article is to outline the history of the scientific journal Gospodarka Narodowa, which from 1946 to 1989 operated under the name Gospodarka Planowa. The study pays particular attention to the subject matter of the articles published in the journal, the organisation of editorial work and the people associated with the journal. For this purpose, sources and existing studies were consulted, and an analysis was conducted of the citations of the papers published in the journal. When possible, the frequency of the use of selected JEL classification codes in the papers was also analysed. The article not only offers the first in-depth description of the nine decades of Gospodarka Narodowa, but also makes an original contribution to the discipline by indicating the most frequently cited articles published in the journal. It finds that the main areas of interest for Gospodarka Narodowa authors over the past decade have been issues related to macroeconomics, including monetary economics, international economics, financial economics, and economic growth. Another finding is that many authors have shown a preference for a clearly quantitative approach to the study of these problems. The article concludes by stating that Gospodarka Narodowa underwent a long evolution before it eventually became a strictly scientific journal, a focus that it has preserved to this day.
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