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Rosyjskie wyobrażenia geopolityczne – Skandobizancjum

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Potulski J.
Studia Gdańskie
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2009
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issue 25
237-244
EN
The political events – negotiations and manifestations, wars and conflicts, elections and strikes – are communicated with the image of geopolitical space, where the events go on. The provident power allows for constant work with these images. The power appropriates the space by the geographical images. Geographical images forming and development in the different fields of social and political activity. “Geopolitical visions” and “geographical imaginations” usually is defined as: any idea concerning the relation between one’s own and other places, involving feelings of (in) security or (dis)advantage (and/or) invoking ideas about a collective mission or foreign policy strategy. A geographical imaginations also can be defined as the way in which influential groups in cultural life of state define that state and notion within the world. It addresses the primary acts of identification and boundary-formation that population groups within a state engages. The modelling of geographical images is an effective method of geopolitical development representations. Political researches operate with the political and politico-geographical space. These kinds of space aren’t equivalent of original and traditional geographical space. This is an anamorphical (transformed) space, and the relief of this space is the result of geographical images interaction. It’s not only visual representations or pictographic images (pictures). In a broad sense, geoimages are effective concepts to represent geopolitical processes. The state of Russia does not have a single geopolitical imagination. Rather exist a few separate imaginations. National identity, the question of what and who is Russian, has never found a straightforward answer. One of the most important images of Russia is image Russia-Byzantium, it’s the main Russian geopolitical metaphor. Byzantium (during the Middle Age Byzantine Empire was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe), and the Orthodox Church (in popular view of Byzantine Empire Byzantine culture and Orthodoxy are one and the same), play big role in a political mythology in Russia. This vision is coming back on the Russian political and intellectual scene in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The resurrections of the metaphor in post-soviet Russia let to the rise of neo-byzantinism ideology. In neo-byzantinism vision Russia is the successor of the historical mission of Byzantium; the main principle of Russian statehood is the symphony of authorities, unity of the state and church. Orthodoxy is the state religion; the main geopolitical goal of the empire expansion of the Orthodox tradition, construction of the Eurasian Orthodox empire at the scale of the whole globe.
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Chiny na rozdrożu – wyzwania i problemy nowych władz ChRL

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Potulski J.
Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej
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2015
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issue Zeszyt 7
55-70
EN
Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reform in 1979, China has become one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic products growth averaging nearly 10% through 2013. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic and trade power and its predicted to become the world’s largest economy. The global economy crisis tha began in 2008 greatly affected China’s economy, GDP growth downturned and millions of Chinese workers lost their jobs. Economic model that worked so well during the early years of China’s development now needs to be changed. It’s one of the main challenges for the new Chinese leaders. China’s once-in-decade transition to a new generation of leaders took place at the 18th Party Congress in November 2012. At the 18th Party Congress the fifth generation of leaders came to power. In this article Author argues that China faces daunting challenges and China is on the “crossroads”. The main goal of the article is to identify key challenges that China faces today. Author argues that China has far bigger challenges that slowing economy. Those challenges are: inequality, environment, rising expectations, demographics, corruption and others. Under the new leadership of president Xi Jinping, a quiet process of reform is under way in China. If successful, it will transform the country’s politics and the way its approaches the world. China’s political, economic and foreign policy over the next decades is not only fundamental to the country but also to the wider Asia-Pacifi c region and, increasingly, the world beyond.
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Ukraina i Federacja Rosyjska – przyczyny i konsekwencje kryzysu ukraińskiego

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2015
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vol. 1(8)
42-66
EN
2014 was a breakthrough year. Ukraine’s crisis of 2013–2014, February 2014 revolution which removed Viktor Yanukovych and his government, annexation of Crimea by Russia, war in Donbas caused changes in the geopolitical map of the world. The crisis had many effects both domestic and international. Author argues that the crisis is a part of the wider changes on the geopolitical map of the world. The main effect of the crisis is that Ukraine was transformed into shatterbelt – regions that are both deeply divided internally and caught up in the competition between Great Powers.
RU
2014 год стал переломным не толка для постсоветского мироустройства но для всей геполитической карты мира. Событя на киевском Майдане, вхождение в состав России Крыма, конфликт в Донбассе способствовали значителным изменениям. В стате анализируются особенности современной геополитической карты мира после событий на Украине в 2014 г. Автор считает что кризис, который переживает Украина стал своеобразным эпицентром геополитического протвостаяния на постсоветском пространствеи в глобалном мире. Украина преобразавалась в глобалный shatterbelt –зону между цивилизационного конфликта.
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Rosja Putina – polityczny projekt budowy rosyjskiej państwowości

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2011
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vol. 1(1)
107-126
EN
Twelve-year period of Vladimir Putin’s reign in Russia (eight-year presidency and four-year term as Prime Minister) resulted in significant changes in all spheres of social life. Vladimir Putin took over the power in a difficult moment for Russia, associated with the weakening of authority (Russian state mechanism was disrupted, eaten away by corruption and weakened with internal struggles for the power and control over the economy) as well as strong financial and economic crisis. As a main task he set himself restoring the stability in Russia and creating a strong and effective state. At the same time he presented ambitious plans in the economic sphere (the transformation of Russia into one of the leading industrial powers of the world) and in the social area (changing social structure, supporting the development of the middle class, fighting poverty, stopping the negative demographic trends). The Russian political elites adopted the assumption that in order to achieve these ambitious objectives they need “vertical integration of power”, centralization policy of the country and need to increase the role of the state in economic life. During Vladimir Putin’s presidency (2000–2008) many economic and social goals were achieved and the Russian authorities achieved internal economic and political stability. The international authority of the country became stronger and Russia was intensively involved in the global processes. However, the internal stability was achieved mainly by strengthening the government power and limiting the internal democratization. The socio-political stability was achieved while maintaining full control over political and economic processes. The effectiveness of the central authorities was submitted to the continuation of the democratization processes which were recognized to bring the Russian reality into government disruption and country’s big crisis in the 1990s. The result is a unique political system in which the most important role is played by the state bureaucracy, fuel and energy sector, as well as special services.
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Rosyjscy gubernatorzy – powrót do wyborów bezpośrednich

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2012
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vol. 1(2)
54-74
EN
One of the most important decisions during the transformation of the government and the formation of the Russian Federation’s political system has been a creation of the institution of governor – a director of the regional administration appointed by the country’s president. The governor’s institution has become one of the marking elements in the Russian political system. Over time the governor’s authority position was submitted to changes. During the years of political transformation 1992–1996 the sources of regional power legitimization of the administration’s leaders have been various, some of them have been nominated by the president, others by inhabitants of the region. In 1995 a bill had been accepted, according to which all Russian federation leaders will be elected by inhabitants of each regions. The years 1996–1999 have been the full bloom period of the „gubernatorial” Russia, when regional administration’s leaders concentrated in their hands a very wide range of formal and informal competencies and of real authority. The governor’s position was changed after Vladimir Putin’s accession to power. New national elites perceived an excessive authority of regional elites and direct gubernatorial elections as the main source of the country’s instability and as the main threat for security of the state. Therefore a decision has been taken to leave the direct gubernatorial elections in favor of the governors nomination mechanism by the country’s president with the agreement of the local legislatures. The change of the election’s way has implied that administration’s leaders of the federation’s subjects have become part of the federal structure nomenclature, formed by decisions taken at the central level. The governor’s corps has become an instrument in the hands of the central power protecting its control on the sociopolitical and economical processes in the regions. In the last month we could observe a process of correction of the previous political course. Actually it can be heard that the role of citizens should be increased in the social control’s processes and one must go back to the direct elections of governors by Russian regions inhabitants. In January 2012 a corresponding law had been presented to the State Duma. An intended return to direct gubernatorial elections is an important element of the Russian Federation political system’s evolution.
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Inicjatywa „Jeden pas i jedna droga” – chińska wizja rzeczywistości międzynarodowej [recenzja książki: Inicjatywa „jeden pas i jedna droga”. Co rozwój Chin oznacza dla świata)

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2016
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vol. 2(11)
257-261
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Problemy współczesnej modernizacji Rosji

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2012
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vol. 2(3)
212-234
EN
The beginning of Vladimir Putin’s third term of office incites a search for answers what will the Russian Federation’s interior and foreign politics’ course be like. Modern Russia is awaiting crucial challenges regarding its place and status within the new reality connected with the shaping of the global information society. According to historical evidence, countries that adapt quickly to the new way of functioning might achieve a certain supremacy and therefore get profits coming from the newly created information civilization. States unable to conduct those changes will be pushed aside. That is why one of the main problems and challenges awaiting political decision-makers, especially those in developing countries, is how to conduct certain social, political and economical changes in order not to lose their position in relation to the top developed countries. For this reason during the last couple of years the idea of modernisation became a subject of arguments and disputes within the ruling elite as well as within the opposition, scholars, publicists and political affairs commentators. They all agree that present-day Russia needs modernisation, otherwise the state will become the outskirts of the world. If Russia wants to keep its international status, it has to be innovative and competitive and this can only be achieved by modernisation, Currently, a dispute is taking place within Russian political elites regarding the range and pace of changes. As for the Putin–Medvedev power duo, the first one occupies a conservative position, but the second one supports deep modernisation, that would include economy and political institutions.
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Rosja i Chiny w Azji Środkowej – historyczne wzorce współpracy i rywalizacji

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2017
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vol. 3(14)
55-85
EN
Article “Russia and China in the Central Asia. Cooperation or competition” is dedicated to the important problem of the Russia and China foreign policy in Central Asia. In the article the geopolitical situation of Central Asia at the present stage is analyzed. Special attention on the author is paid to interaction of Russia and China with the region’s countries. Author describes general trends of Russia and China policy. It contains the analysis of basic coincidence of strategic interest of Russia and China and basic imaginations of Central Asia among the Russian and Chinese political elite. Special attention on the author is paid to historical process who create the basic interest and imaginations. Author esteemed historical features of Russia–China relations in the region ant try to predict the future relationship between Russia and China in the Central Asia.
RU
Статья «Россия и Китай в Средней Азии. Сотрудничество или соперни- чество» посвящена важной проблеме внешней политики России и Китая в Центральной Азии. В статье проанализирована геополитическая ситуация на настоящем этапе. Особое внимание автор обращает на взаимодействие России и Китая со странами региона. Автор описывает общие тенденции по- литики России и Китая. Статья содержит также анализ основных совпаде-ний стратегических интересов России и Китая, а также основных вообра- жений о Центральной Азии у российской и китайской политических элит.
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Regionalna integracja jako wyzwanie dla polityki zagranicznej Federacji Rosyjskiej

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2013
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vol. 1(4)
99-115
EN
Vladimir Putin was one of the most successful politicians of the first decade of the twenty-first century. Embracing in 2000 as president of the Russia Federation he took over the country in a deep social, political and economic crisis, a country that lost its place among the world powers and its international authority. Vladimir Putin has managed to stabilize the internal situation of the country, to carry out a number of effective reforms. The first two Putin’s terms in office were a success and he became one of the most popular Russian politicians. Elected in 2012 for the third time in the office of president Vladimir Putin faces major challenges and this term could be very difficult for the Russian president. Russian citizens expect the rule of law, the fight against corruption and democratization. It is widely believed that if Russia wants to develop there must be a far-reaching modernization of the political and economic system. In internal relations the Russian political elite is facing a huge challenge: to modernize the country without compromising the power and privileges of the political elite. Russian external relations will have to deal with the problems associated with the consequence of the so-called “shale gas revolution”. The Russian authorities also need to look for an answer to the question of how to effectively and efficiently carry out the process of building the regional political and economic alliance formed in the Eurasian Union. These challenges will be the main focus of Vladimir Putin during his third term as president of the Russia Federation.
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Koncepcje rozwoju obwodu kaliningradzkiego w polityce regionalnej Federacji Rosyjskiej

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Potulski J.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2016
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vol. 2(11)
118-144
EN
Kaliningrad is a unique Russian region due to its history and geopolitical location. During the Cold War era it was considered an important Soviet military outpost in the confrontation with the NATO. After collapse of the Soviet Union region found itself in a completely new situation as a Russian enclave in Europe. The new geopolitical situations led to numerous problems. After the Poland and Lithuania joining the UE a new set of problems looms ahead. The regional and central governments tried to found a development strategy for Kaliningrad enclave. Now Kaliningrad is open for international cooperation and has one of the most liberal economic and border regime in Russian Federation. Russian government establish on Kaliningrad region Special Economic Zone to attract foreign investment. However Kaliningrad is still a problem form both partners: Russian Federation and UE.
RU
Калининград – это единственный регион Российской Федерации с такой историю и геополитическим положением. Во время Холодной Войны регион считался важным отделением советских войск в сопоставлении с НАТО. После распада СССР область нашлась в новой ситуации и становилась российским анклавом в Европе. В регионе выступали многие проблемы, которые увеличились после вступления Польши и Литвы в ЕС. Региональные и государственные власти искали стратегию развития для калининградской области. Сейчас Калининград открыт на международное сотрудничество, а у города одна из самых свободных экономических границ в Российской Федерации. Государственное правительство ввело в области особую эконо- мическую зону (ОЭЗ ) для улучшения зарубежных инвестиции. Всё таки об- ласть это проблема для двух партнёров: Российской Федерации и ЕС.
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"Idea Zachodnia" i geograficzny obraz "Polski Piastowskiej" w polskiej polityce po II wojnie światowej

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Potulski J.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2018
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vol. 25
27-45
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja szczególnie doniosłych dla społeczeństwa polskiego obrazów geograficznych i związanych z nimi wyobrażeń geopolitycznych, wskazanie na ich źródła, dynamikę i sposób wykorzystania przez elity polityczne w zależności od zmieniającego się kontekstu zewnętrznego i wewnętrznego. Ukazanie dynamiki geopolitycznych wyobrażeń funkcjonujących w ramach społeczeństwa polskiego, tj. idei zachodniej (piastowskiej) i idei jagiellońskiej, oraz analiza sposobów ich wykorzystywania w celu legitymizowania określonej polityki wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej stanowi studium przypadku, ukazującym złożoność procesów legitymizacji działań politycznych, a jednocześnie ma wzbogacić wiedzę o dynamice obrazów geopolitycznych występujących w ramach polskiego społeczeństwa i wykorzystywanych przez elity polityczne dla realizacji celów grupowych.
EN
The aim of the article is to identify geographic and geopolitical images that are particularly important to the Polish society (i.e. The Jagiellonian idea and the Western idea), to indicate their sources, dynamics and use by political elites depending on the changing external and internal context. The presentation of the dynamics of geopolitical ideas functioning within the Polish society and the analysis of ways to use them to legitimize a specific internal and external policy is a case study showing the complexity of legitimization processes, and at the same time is to enrich knowledge about the dynamics of geopolitical images occurring within Polish society and used by political elites for achieving their goals.
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Perspektywa feministyczna w geopolityce- geopolityka feministyczna

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Potulski J.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2011
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vol. 3
99-107
EN
The purpose of this article is to outline a theoretical framework for feminist geopolitics. Author notes a recent transition from modern to postmodern geopolitics. Feminist geopolitics incorporates postmodern and post-structuralist theories in geopolitics and it is an approach to global issues with feminist point of view.
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Amerykańska geostrategia od wojny o niepodległość do wojny hiszpańsko-amerykańskiej

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Potulski J.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2017
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vol. 21
117-135
PL
Artykuł niniejszy poświęcony jest amerykańskiej geostrategii w ujęciu historycznym. Jego celem jest wskazanie kluczowych momentów, które wpłynęły na amerykańską koncepcję działania wobec otoczenia zewnętrznego. Geopolityczna historia USA jest interesującym poznawczo tematem. Jednocześnie jest to temat dość słabo rozpoznany we współczesnej polskiej literaturze przedmiotu. O ile współczesna geopolityka USA jest przedmiotem wielu opracowań, o tyle mniej jest publikacji analizujących historyczne tradycje amerykańskiej geopolityki i geostrategii, która doprowadziła do dominacji Stanów Zjednoczonych w świecie. Artykuł stanowi próbę częściowego wypełnienia tej luki przez wyjaśnienie wpływu warunków geograficznych, kontekstu zewnętrznego oraz myślenia strategicznego elit politycznych na ukształtowanie się pozycji USA na arenie międzynarodowej
EN
This article is devoted to American geostrategy in historical terms. Its purpose is to identify the key moments that have influenced the American concept of action towards the external environment. Geopolitical history of the USA is a cognitively interesting subject. At the same time it is a subject quite poorly recognized in contemporary Polish literature. While contemporary US geopolitics is the subject of many studies, there is lack of publications analyzing the historical traditions of American geopolitics and geostrategy, which has led to US domination in the world. This article attempts to partially fill this gap by explaining the impact of geographic conditions, external context, and political strategic thinking on US international position.
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Wienamin Siemionow Tien- Szanski jako twórca rosyjskiej szkoły geopolityki

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Potulski J.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2009
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vol. 1
47-54
EN
The special role in development of Russian geopolicy determines prominent Russian geographer’s works, Wienamin Siemionow Tien-Szanski (1870-1942), whose publications contain many precious conceptions and geographical or historical generalizations. The Russian geographer considered that exist relationship between wider historical generalizations and geographical. That is why one shold to look for formula, which can perceive variety aspects of influence geographical factors on general history and political processes on global space. Analysing word history, he seperated on ground surface the "critical” area, between equator and fortyfifth northern degree parallel, where are placed three great oceanic gulfs: Inland European Sea together with Black Sea, China Sea (South and Eastern) together with Japanese Sea as well as Caribbean Sea with Mexican Gulf.
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