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EN
The paper discusses cyclical fluctuations of business activity in selected sectors of the Polish economy, with the use of business confidence indicators. We analyse main morphological features of the cyclical fluctuations: phase duration, timing of turning points, amplitudes, intensity and leads/lags of qualitative indicators in reference to GDP, and cross correlations. Four sectors of the economy are analysed: manufacturing, construction, motor transport and retail trade. We make an insight into empirical regularities of cyclical fluctuations, known as stylised facts. We particularly aim to examine the following stylised facts about business cycles in Poland, ie (1) whether manufacturing contributes the highest to a business cycle, (2) construction and transport are leading sectors of the economy, and (3) retail sales stabilise general business activity.
EN
The paper discusses the effects of global financial and banking crisis of 2007-2008 on US and selected European economies. Due to its widespread incidence it has triggered substantial research challenge. The main area of our interest is the real side of economies. However, taking into account the fact that the crisis was accompanied by substantial breakdown of corporate and consumer confidence, we use quantitative as well as survey data in the research. We study fluctuations of main economic aggregates: output, consumption, industrial production and retail trade. Quantitative variables are matched with BTS and CS counterparts (confidence and sentiment indicators) to find out whether the survey data preceded quantitative one in signalling changes in real economies, whether synchronisation, the depth and the duration of the recession were different for each variable and country, and finally whether survey/quantitative variables were coherent in describing consequences of the crisis. We analyse cyclical fluctuations of selected variables and describe characteristics of the recession in each country in order to compare reactions of selected economies to the crisis.
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PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza porównawcza przebiegu cyklu koniunkturalnego w Polsce i krajach strefy euro w latach 1995 -2008. W analizie wykorzystano dane ilościowe i dane o charakterze jakościowym. Do opisu dynamiki wahań cyklicznych wykorzystano następujące zmienne makroekonomiczne: PKB, indeks produkcji sprzedanej przemysłu (dane ilościowe), wskaźniki koniunktury dla przemysłu przetwórczego i gospodarstw domowych, ogólny wskaźnik nastrojów gospodarczych oraz stopień wykorzystania mocy produkcyjnych (dane jakościowe, pozyskiwane w badaniach koniunktury metodą testu). Po wypreparowaniu czynnika cyklicznego przy użyciu filtra Christiano-Fitzgeralda przeprowadzono analizę zależności wypreparowanych komponentów cyklicznych dla wszystkich zmiennych, objętych badaniem, pomiędzy Polską i poszczególnymi krajami strefy euro oraz strefą euro jako całością. W badanym okresie wyróżniona w gospodarce polskiej 4 krótkie cykle, trwające od 2,5 roku do 4 lat. Stwierdzono, iż wahania cykliczne w Polsce mają charakter wyprzedzający w stosunku do wahań w strefie euro. Odnotowano także znaczne podobieństwo w przebiegu cyklu koniunkturalnego w Polsce i strefie euro. Największą zgodność w przebiegu wahań cyklicznych stwierdzono dla zmiennych o charakterze jakościowym, zwłaszcza dla wskaźnika koniunktury w przemyśle przetwórczym. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała także, iż zachowania polskich gospodarstw domowych są inne niż w krajach strefy euro.
EN
A comparative analysis of business cycle in Poland and in the Euro-zone countries within 1995-2008 is the objective of the paper. The analysis makes use of both quantitative and qualitative data. The following macroeconomic variables have been applied to describe the dynamics of cyclical fluctuations: GDP, indexes of business situation in manufacturing industry and households, general indicator of economic sentiment and the degree of utilizing production capacity (qualitative data obtained in business situation research through test method). After retrieving a cyclical factor with the use of the Christiano-Fitzgerald filter, an analysis of dependence of the retrieved cyclical components – for all the variables covered by the research – between Poland and individual countries of the Euro-zone and the Euro-zone as a whole has been carried out. Within the period of the research in Poland’s economy 4 short cycles have been distinguished, lasting from 2.5 to 4 years each. It has been stated that cyclical fluctuations in Poland are of preceding nature in relation to the Euro-zone fluctuations. Furthermore, a significant similarity in the course of business situation cycle in Poland and the Euro-zone has been observed as well. The largest unanimity in the course of cyclical fluctuations has been recorded in case of qualitative variables, notably regarding business situation indicator in manufacturing industry. The analysis conducted has also provided that the behaviour of Polish households is different than in the countries of the Euro-zone.
13
51%
EN
Business tendency surveys (BTS) have a long tradition in maturę market economies. The survey results are used to diagnose the economic conditions of a country and to forecast the direction of changes in business activity. One can observe that economic units (ie business firms), financial institutions, municipal organizations and public administration are all interested in the data obtained from these surveys. The paper presents some of the results of the research conducted by the Research Institute of Economic Development (RIED) on the use of business survey data (qualitative data elaborated by RIED) to forecast the industrial production index (quantitative data elaborated by Central Statistics Office). As a qualitative variable we used the balance of opinion about generał economic situation (diagnostic and expectation). Presented are results of three types of analyses: graphic analysis, crosscorrelation analysis and econometric analysis.
14
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Wahania koniunkturalne w Polsce

51%
PL
W opracowaniu omówiono przebieg wahań cyklicznych – w okresie ostatnich kilkunastu lat – wskaźników koniunktury w tych sektorach gospodarki polskiej, które objęte są badaniami koniunktury Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH i Instytutu Transportu Samochodowego, tj. w przemyśle przetwórczym, budownictwie, transporcie, handlu, bankowości, rolnictwie i gospodarstwach domowych, a także barometru koniunktury (wskaźnika złożonego). Dla odniesienia analizą objęto również cykl wartości dodanej brutto. W analizie wahań koniunkturalnych szczególną uwagę zwrócono na okres ostatniego światowego kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego. W jego wyniku w sferze realnej gospodarki polskiej nastąpiło głębokie załamanie koniunktury, głębsze niż w poprzednich cyklach. Kryzys był dotkliwy, lecz krótkotrwały. We wszystkich branżach nastąpiło względnie szybkie odwrócenie tendencji spadkowych. Analiza potwierdziła wyprzedzający charakter wskaźników jakościowych, a jednocześnie większą intensywność ich wahań niż zmiennej ilościowej.
EN
The paper discusses cyclical fluctuations of BTS and CS indicators of economic activity in Poland in recent years. The set of indicators covers: manufacturing, construction, transport, retail trade, banking, agriculture and households, both separately and all together (composite indicator). The cycle of gross value added (GVA) is also analysed for reference purpose only. The analysis is focused on the effects of the recent global financial and economic crisis. The main finding is that the crisis was conducive to collapse of the real economy, much more profound than during previous downturns. The collapse was extensive but short-lasting, with all the industries turning into an expansion quite fast. The analysis also confirmed the leading characteristics of the BTS and CS indicators and their intensity be higher than that of GVA.
EN
The paper presents a fiscal policy model integrating tax avoidance, the complexity of tax systems and the fiscal solvency hypothesis within the traditional framework of tax competition. Furthermore, we take into account: taxation of consumption, possibility of capital income shifting and foreign goods purchases (untaxed in the destination country). We conclude that if fiscal policy is by no means unfettered the equilibrium can be allocation efficient, provided that the marginal rate of substitution between private and public goods is one. The changes in public debt affect tax rates in equilibrium differently: positively for the consumption tax rate and negatively for the labor tax rate. The change of the capital tax depends on the level of economic internalization. This approach is especially useful during a solvency crisis and can be applied to predict tax rates’ adjustment when the bonds issuance decreases or public debt accelerates.
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