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EN
In the present article an attempt of defining the meaning of the labour camp hospital has been carried out. In The Kolyma Tales the hospital is presented as an island of good in the Soviet labour camps archipelago of evil. This image has been conditioned, above all, by the moral attitude of the medical staff, which the author described aiming at, so characteristic of him, objectivism of the image. Therefore, in Shalamov’s short stories, apart from the doctors who remained human, one may encounter also the doctors-executioners. The image of the hospital always goes hand in hand with the problem of human pain caused by the Kolyma’s severe climate, chronic undernourishment and hard work. The hospital was the sole shelter from the gruelling camp conditions. The moments of rest in the hospital were perceived by the prisoners as a synonym of the heart and home. The Soviet labour camp hospital represents a paradox: an institution whose aim was to save lives existed in the Soviet death machine.
EN
The article offers a reflection on the poetry of Varlam Shalamov, which continues to attract only a limited interest among literature experts researching the works of the author of Kolyma Tales. The analysis addresses the categories of time and space in the poem Мне что ни ночь – то море бреда… being part of the Сумка почтальона series. By analysing the individual motifs, with account taken of their historical (Gulag by A. Applebaum) and literary contexts (One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by A. Solzhenitsyn, A World Apart by G. Herling-Grudziński), as well as through reflection on their theoretical,literary and philosophical aspects (M. Bakhtin, Y. Lotman, H. Bergson, G. Bachelard, G. Durand), it has been established that the poem features three basic chronotypes: the external(n), the external(d), and the internal. The internal chronotype has been found to constitute a mirror image of the other two space-time dimensions which in fact determine the existential situation of the lyrical “I” (reduction or restoration of the spiritual sphere), with this situation depending on the category of memory.
PL
W artykule poddano refleksji poezję Warłama Szałamowa, która w dalszym ciągu pozostaje na marginesie zainteresowań literaturoznawców badających twórczość autora Opowiadań kołymskich. Zanalizowana została kategoria czasu oraz przestrzeni w wierszu Мне что ни ночь – то море бреда… z cyklu Torba listonosza (Сумка почтальона). W toku badań poszczególnych motywów, z uwzględnieniem kontekstu historycznego (Gułag Anne Applebaum) oraz literackiego (Jeden dzień Iwana Denisowicza Aleksandra Sołżenicyna, Inny świat Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego), a także refleksji teoretyczno-literackiej i filozoficznej (Michaiła Bachtin, Jurija Łotman, Henriego Bergson, Gastona Bachelard, Gilberta Duranda) wykazano, że utwór jest w istocie obrazem poetyckim, w którym istotną rolę odgrywają elementy akwatyczne. Obraz ten jest metaforą kondycji człowieka w rzeczywistości łagrowej. Analiza kategorii czasu oraz przestrzeni tworzących kilka chronotopów wykazała, że kondycja człowieka w każdym z nich jest zróżnicowana; jest determinowana przez dwa zasadnicze czynniki: wspomnienia (przeszłość) i wewnętrzną siłę witalną (ukierunkowanie ku przyszłości).
EN
The author of the article reflected upon the unique role that an illustrious acmeist poet Osip Mandelstam played in the life and work of Varlam Shalamov, a representative of the socalled labour camp literature. The author analysed and interpreted the picture of the poet as well as the sub-texts of this picture in Shalamov’s story Sherry brandy in the broad context of his essays and correspondance with Mandelstam’s widow (Nadezhda Mandelstam). The author concluded that the issue of memory is the key to understanding Shalamov’s view of Mandelstam. This issue comes to the forefront of the writer’s theoretical work in which the postulate of bringing the author of the volume Stone back to the common memory was put forward on numerous occasions. The lives of Mandelstam and Shalamov are the examples of exterminating the great authors of the Soviet literature, which, in the period of Stalinism, could be compared to a laboratory where numerous experiments on “mass amnesia”, that is wiping out the unwanted artists and theis works from the collective consciousness, were conducted. The author also concluded that the artistic vision of the last moments of Mandelstam’s life presented in the story Sherry brandy is in fact a phylosophical reflection on the sense of being a poet. It was also concluded that the work of the poet is a centre in wchich the past, the present and the future of culture come together. The transformation and actualisation of the senses from its past (for example motives, characters, plots, values) takes place in the works of the artist, which are the present of culture, thus giving them a chance to be remembered thanks to drawing from their abundance in the future. The poet is, therefore, the source and creator of cultural memory and the durability of his works determines the immortality of his thought.
PL
W artykule poddano refleksji wyjątkowe miejsce wybitnego przedstawiciela akmeizmu, Osipa Mandelsztama, w życiu oraz twórczości Warłama Szałamowa, przedstawiciela tzw. literatury łagrowej. Zanalizowano oraz zinterpretowano obraz poety i podteksty tego obrazu w opowiadaniu Sherry brandy w kontekście eseistyki oraz korespondencji Szałamowa z wdową po poecie, Nadieżdą Mandelsztam. Stwierdzono, że kluczem do zrozumienia szałamowowskiego myślenia o Mandelsztamie jest zagadnienie pamięci, wysuwające się na pierwszy plan przy lekturze esejów autora Opowiadań kołymskich, w których wielokrotnie został wysunięty postulat przywrócenia twórcy tomu Kamień do pamięci zbiorowej. Zarówno los Mandelsztama, jak i samego Szałamowa, jest przykładem unicestwiania wielkich twórców literatury w Rosji radzieckiej, którą w okresie stalinizmu można było porównać z laboratorium służącym do licznych doświadczeń „masowej amnezji” (tj. usuwania niepożądanych przez władzę twórców i ich dzieł ze świadomości masowej). Skonstatowano, że artystyczny obraz ostatnich chwil życia Mandelsztama, przedstawiony w opowiadaniu Sherry brandy, w istocie jest filozoficzną refleksją nad sensem bycia poetą. Stwierdzono, że twórczość poety stanowi swoisty ośrodek, w którym scala się przeszłość, teraźniejszość oraz przyszłość kultury. W dziełach artysty, będących wyrazem teraźniejszości kultury, dokonuje się transformacja i aktualizacja sensów z jej przeszłości (np. motywów, postaci, wątków, wartości), dając tym samym nadzieję na dalszą pamięć o nich, dzięki czerpaniu z ich bogactwa w przyszłości. Poeta jest zatem źródłem oraz kreatorem pamięci kulturowej, zaś żywotność dzieł stanowi o nieśmiertelności myśli twórcy.
RU
В настоящей статье предпринимается попытка определить место выдающегося по- эта-акмеиста Осипа Мандельштама в жизни и творчестве Варлама Шаламова, пред- ставителя так называемой лагерной литературы. Анализируется и интерпретируется образ поэта и подтексты этого образа в рассказе Шерри-бренди Шаламова, в кон- тексте его эссе и переписки с вдовой поэта Надеждой Яковлевной Мандельштам. Отмечается, что шаламовское представление о Мандельштаме неразрывно связано с проблемой памяти, выдвигающейся на первый план в теоретических статьях писа- теля, содержащих многочисленные требования вернуть в коллективную память имя Małgorzata Kulikowska 98 автора сборника поэзии Камень. Судьба Мандельштама, как и Шаламова, является примером уничтожения великих писателей и поэтов в Советском Союзе, который в период сталинизма можно было сравнить с лабораторией для многочисленных опытов «массовой амнезии» (то есть исключения из массового сознания деятелей литературы и других видов искусства, неугодных по каким-либо причинам комму- нистической власти). Художественный образ последних часов жизни Мандельштама, представленный в рассказе Шерри-бренди, на самом деле является философским рас- суждением о том, в чем состоит смысл понятия «быть поэтом». Творчество представ- ляет собой своего рода поле, на котором соединяются прошлое, настоящее и будущее культуры. В произведениях, принадлежащих к настоящему культуры, трансформи- руются и актуализируются смыслы из ее прошлого (например, мотивы, персонажи, ценности), оставляя тем самым надежду на дальнейшую память о них, благодаря их использованию в будущем. Таким образом, поэт – это не только хранитель, но также и создатель культурной памяти. Существование в культуре литературных произведе- ний свидетельствует о бессмертии, вложенных в них, мыслей поэта.
EN
The topic of this article is the reception of Varlam Shalamov’s output since his first official publication of The Kolyma tales in1978 inLondon until now. Works published inRussia andPoland, also inFrance,Great Britain,Italy,Israel,Germany,USA andAustralia have been deeply analysed. It was proved that first publications were dedicated to Varlam Shalamov’s biography and the portrayal of the Gulag civilization (since the second half of 90’s, last century). Problems of poetic in works are dominating in last publications. Apart of this, on the bases of thematics of chosen research papers in the article, some directions of further development of Shalamov’s legacy were determined.
PL
The topic of this article is the reception of Varlam Shalamov’s output since his first official publication of The Kolyma tales in1978 inLondon until now. Works published inRussia andPoland, also inFrance,Great Britain,Italy,Israel,Germany,USA andAustralia have been deeply analysed. It was proved that first publications were dedicated to Varlam Shalamov’s biography and the portrayal of the Gulag civilization (since the second half of 90’s, last century). Problems of poetic in works are dominating in last publications. Apart of this, on the bases of thematics of chosen research papers in the article, some directions of further development of Shalamov’s legacy were determined.
EN
Change of traditional teacher’s function is at reformed Polish school the current trend. Teacher passing on knowledge pupils to becomes transformed in organizer independent learning pupils. First important result of new style of teacher’s work is that learning process is built on knowledge. One of the methods of dealing with challenges of present school is the method which depend on independent realization pupils’ task prepared and co-coordinated by teacher. On the terrain of city Białystok the interscholar project „I Know Everything About Money” was realized, which stood up in frames of training for teachers of bases for entrepreneurships and knowledge about society entitled: „Where the Money grows - How the Banks Act in Poland?” (the training organized guided by Teachers’ Professional Development Center in Białystok, refinanced with grants of the National Bank of Poland). Students from III LO (K.K. Baczyński IIIrd Secondary School), XIV LO (XIVth Secondary School) from Secondary School of General Education No. 9 and as General W. Anders Technical Secondary School of Metal and Wood from Białystok participated in this project. The subject of project contained the questions about money as well as central banking. It was realized under direction of teachers of bases for entrepreneurships (M. Kulikowska, M. Szczepańska, B. Krasnodębska) by pupils from second and third classes in the end of December 2004 and at the beginning of January 2005 in Białystok. Finding information from different sources processing them and setting in order and finally presenting them in public was pupils’ task. The most interesting works were presented on the conference on 13th of June 2005 in regional residence of National Bank of Poland in Białystok.
EN
The subject presented during the conference is The Multimedia Techniques in the Teaching Basis of Entrepreneurship’. The topic was presented with a case study of multimedia classes titled I Plan Promotional Campaign of My Business’, carried within the educational project „My Student, a Businessman With Rank”. The aim of the summary was to present activating methods of teaching with the use of Information Technology on Base of Enterprise classes. Practical use of multimedia programs and of Internet thematic sites, gives young people a chance to gain the ability to use a computer for searching necessary information. Furthermore it gives an opportunity to search, order and take advantage of information to solve a problem. The paper is an example of good practice in teaching and it confirms thesis, that it is possible to teach and to learn with enjoyment.
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